Psych 2ap3- information processing Flashcards
According to Piaget, when do infants develop object permanence (when can they solve a-not-b error)
10-12 months
How old were the infants when they stared equally long at the possible and impossible event? (object falling vs staying up)
3.5 months
How old were the infants when the infants stared longer at the impossible event?
4.5 months
At 2.5 months of age, did the infants stare equally long in both scenarios for object continuity and cohesion?
No, when the object had an arch, the infants may have took it as a singular object and did not stare long
When did the infants finally grow to understand that the object is simply a cut out (had a longer reaction time)
3 months
What does the experiment of moving the doll behind the object measure? Does this mean infants can understand it?
Object cohesion
Infants dont understand it, but have expectations
How was object permanence tested for in infants?
infants were habituated to a rotating screen, and suddenly, an impossible event would occur in which something would go through a barrier
How did the infants react to the impossible event of a screen through the barrier?
they looked longer
How old were the infants when they were tested for object permanence
3 months
What is the difference between Piaget and Baillargeon’s results?
Piaget tests for emplicit knowledge: requires more experience and control over actions
Baillargeon tests for implicit knowledge: looking time, rudimentary understanding
According to experiments with explicit tasks, how long does it take for true object performance to develop?
3 years
What is the information processing approach
Thinks of development in terms of how children monitor and manipulate information and create strategies to solve tasks
Based on hardware and software analogies, why are children limited in information processing?
hardware: not enough neurone, synapses, myelination, etc
software: children are limited in the extent to which they can apply appropriate strategies to solve problems
As children grow, they get better at information processing. What actually develops?
- improvement in executive control (continuously develop as they grow)
- inhibitory control
- better strategies
- better attention
-faster processing - more cognitive flexibility
Why are strategies more harder to come up with for children?
Children have limited cognitive abilities
At what age do strategies emerge?
3-4 years old
What experiment demonstrates the emergence of strategies?
children 3-4 year olds had to remember which cup a toy dog was placed under
What did the dog-cup experiment demonstrate about children and strategies?
Although the children got the answer wrong, they would still use strategies to find the answer (eg: trying to hold the cup)
Are children good at using strategies?
No, children, especially those who are very young (3 years old-grade 1) are very poor strategy users
What is the pattern of speed processing as we age?
At 8 years old, it is extremely slow, and then gradually starts to increase as we age (around 15-20 it remains steady)
How does speed processing increase?
- increased myelination
- synaptic pruning
How does attention improve in children? (aka name the 4 times of attention that improve and what they are)
sustained attention: attention span
divided attention: concentrating on more than one activity at a time
selective attention: tuning out irrelevant information
execute attention: broader control of attention
What is the link between screen-time and attention in 5 year olds?
children who were exposed to screens for more than 2 hours daily were 5.9 times more likely to have clinically significantattention problems and 7.7 higher risk for adhd then children who were exposed 0.5 hours or less
What is ADHD
brain-based weakness in attention and execute functions
