Psych 221 Ch. 2

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

the force that moves people toward desired outcomes.

Question 2

Goal

Answer 2

a desired outcome; something one wishes to achieve or accomplish.

Question 3

Motive

Answer 3

a high-level goal fundamental to social survival.

Question 4

Attention

Answer 4

The process of consciously focusing on aspects of our environment or ourselves.

Question 5

Automatically

Answer 5

the ability of a behavior or cognitive process to operate without conscious guidance once its into motion.

Question 6

Willpower

Answer 6

the self-control strength used to overcome counterproductive impulses to achieve different goals.

Question 7

Exemplar

Answer 7

a mental rep of a specific episode, event, or individual.

Question 8

Schema

Answer 8

a mental rep capturing the general characteristics of a particular class of episodes, events, or individuals.

Question 9

Priming

Answer 9

the process of activating knowledge or goals, of making them ready for use.

Question 10

Chronically Accessible

Answer 10

the state of being easily activated, or primed, for use.

Question 11

Attitudes

Answer 11

favorable or unfavorable evaluations of a particular person, object, event, or idea.

Question 12

Emotions

Answer 12

relatively intense feelings characterized by physiological arousal and complex cognitions.

Question 13

Moods

Answer 13

relatively long-lasting feelings that are diffuse and not directed toward particular targets.

Question 14

Counterfactual Thinking

Answer 14

the process of imagining alternative “might have been” versions of actual events.

Question 15

Self-Concept

Answer 15

a mental rep capturing our views and beliefs about ourselves.

Question 16

Self-Esteem

Answer 16

our attitudes toward ourselves.

Question 17

Social Comparison

Answer 17

the process thru which people come to know themselves by comparing their abilities, attitudes, and beliefs with those of others.

Question 18

Reflected Appraisal Process

Answer 18

the process thru which people come to know themselves by observing or imagining how others view them.

Question 19

Self-Perception Process

Answer 19

the process thru which people observe their own behavior to infer internal characteristics such as traits, abilities, and attitudes.

Question 20

Self-Regulation

Answer 20

the process thru which people select, monitor, and adjust their strategies in an attempt to reach their goals.

Question 21

Self-Presentation

Answer 21

the process thru which we try to control the impressions people form of us.

Question 22

Affordance

Answer 22

an opportunity or threat provided by a situation.

Question 23

Descriptive Norm

Answer 23

a norm that defines what is commonly done in a situation.

Question 24

Pluralistic Ignorance

Answer 24

the phenomenon in which people in a group misperceive the beliefs of others bc everyone acts inconsistently with their beliefs.

Question 25

Injunctive Norm

Answer 25

a norm that describes what is commonly approved or disapproved in a situation.

Question 26

Scripted Situation

Answer 26

a situation in which certain events are expected to occur in a particular sequence.

Question 27

Individualistic Culture

Answer 27

a culture that socializes its members to think of themselves as individuals and to give priority to their personal goals.

Question 28

Collective Culture

Answer 28

a culture that socializes its members to think of themselves in terms of their relationships and as members of the larger social group, and to prioritize the concerns of their relationship partners and groups before their own.

Question 29

Person-Situation Fit

Answer 29

the extent to which a person and a situation are compatible.

Question 30

Socialization

Answer 30

the process whereby a culture teaches its members about its beliefs, customs, habits, and language.