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Psych 1 > Psych 2 > Flashcards

Psych 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

A

nervous system

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2
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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3
Q

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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4
Q

bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

A

nerves

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5
Q

neurons that carry incoming information from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

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6
Q

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

A

motor (efferent) neurons

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7
Q

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

A

interneurons

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8
Q

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.

A

somatic nervous system

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9
Q

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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10
Q

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy.

A

sympathetic

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11
Q

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

A

reflex

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13
Q

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

A

neuron

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14
Q

the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; the cell’s life-support center

A

cell body

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15
Q

a neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

A

dendrites

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16
Q

the segmented neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

A

axon

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17
Q

a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next

A

myelin sheath

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18
Q

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

A

glial cells

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19
Q

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

A

action potential

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20
Q

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

A

threshold

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21
Q

in neural processing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired; subsequent action potentials cannot occur until the axon returns to its resting state

A

refractory period

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22
Q

a neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.

A

all-or-none response

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23
Q

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

A

synapse

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24
Q

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

A

neurotransmitters

25
Q

a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

A

reuptake

26
Q

“morphine within”–natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.

A

endorphins

27
Q

a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter’s action

A

agonist

28
Q

a molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter’s action

A

antagonist

29
Q

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

endocrine system

30
Q

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

A

hormones

31
Q

the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes

A

biological psychology

32
Q

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

A

biopsychosocial approach

33
Q

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

A

levels of analysis

34
Q

the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

A

neuroplasticity

35
Q

tissue destruction, naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue

A

lesion

36
Q

An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

A

EEG (electroencephalogram)

37
Q

consists of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum; directs essential survival functions, such as breathing, sleeping, and wakefulness, as well as coordination and balance

A

hindbrain

38
Q

found atop the brainstem; connects the hindbrain with the forebrain, controls some motor movement, and transmits auditory and visual information.

A

midbrain

39
Q

consists of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus; manages complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities

A

forebrain

40
Q

central core of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions

A

brainstem

41
Q

the hindbrain structure that is the brainstem’s base; controls heartbeat and breathing

A

medulla

42
Q

the forebrain’s sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

A

thalamus

43
Q

a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal

A

reticular formation

44
Q

the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

A

cerebellum

45
Q

neural system located mostly in the forebrain- below the cerebral hemispheres- that includes the amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus, thalamus, and pituitary glands; associated with emotion and drives.

A

limbic system

46
Q

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.

A

amygdala

47
Q

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward

A

hypothalamus

48
Q

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

A

hippocampus

49
Q

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.

A

cerebral cortex

50
Q

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

A

frontal lobes

51
Q

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

A

parietal lobes

52
Q

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields

A

occipital lobe

53
Q

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

A

temporal lobes

54
Q

cerebral cortex area at the rear of the frontal lobes; controls voluntary movements

A

motor cortex

55
Q

cerebral cortex area at the front of the parietal lobes; registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

A

somatosensory cortex

56
Q

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

A

association areas

57
Q

the formation of new neurons

A

neurogenesis

58
Q

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

A

corpus callosum

59
Q

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them

A

split brain

Psych 1 (6 decks)

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