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Psych 1 > Psych 1 > Flashcards

Psych 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

A

Critical Thinking

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2
Q

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

A

Hindsight Bias

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3
Q

scientific experts who evaluate a research article’s theory, originality, and accuracy

A

Peer Reviwers

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4
Q

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

A

Theory

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5
Q

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

A

Hypothesis

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6
Q

the possibility that an idea, hypothesis, or theory can be disproven by observation or experiment

A

Falsifiable

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7
Q

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study.

A

Operational Definition

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8
Q

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

A

Replication

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9
Q

a non-experimental technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

A

Case Study

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10
Q

a non-experimental technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

A

Naturalistic Observation

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11
Q

a non-experimental technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

A

Survey

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12
Q

bias from people’s responding in ways they presume a researcher expects or wishes

A

Social Desirability Bias

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13
Q

bias when people report their behavior inaccurately

A

Self-Report Bias

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14
Q

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

A

Sampling Bias

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15
Q

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

A

Random Sample

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16
Q

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

A

Population

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17
Q

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

A

Correlation

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18
Q

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

A

Correlation Coefficient

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19
Q

anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical l to measure

A

Variable

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20
Q

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables.

A

Scatterplot

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21
Q

perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship

A

Illusionary Correlation

22
Q

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back toward their average.

A

Regression towards the mean

23
Q

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable).

A

Experiment

24
Q

in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

A

Experimental Group

25
Q

in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

A

Control Group

26
Q

assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

A

Random Assignment

27
Q

an experimental procedure in which the research participants are ignorant about whether they have received the treatment or a placebo

A

Single-Blind Procedure

28
Q

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

A

Placebo Effect

29
Q

in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

A

Independent Variable

30
Q

in an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

A

Dependent Variable

31
Q

in an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results

A

Confounding Variable

32
Q

bias caused when researchers may unintentionally influence results to confirm their own beliefs

A

Experimenter Bias

33
Q

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

A

Validity

34
Q

a research method that relies on quantifiable, numerical data

A

Quantitative Research

35
Q

a research method that relies on in-depth, narrative data that are not translated into numbers

A

Qualitative Research

36
Q

giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

A

Informed Consent

37
Q

the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

A

Debriefing

38
Q

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

A

Descriptive Statistics

39
Q

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

A

histogram

40
Q

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

A

Mode

41
Q

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

A

Mean

42
Q

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

A

Median

43
Q

the percentage of scores that are lower than a given score

A

Percentile Rank

44
Q

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

A

Skewed Distribution

45
Q

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

A

Range

46
Q

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

A

Standard Deviation

47
Q

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

A

Normal Curve

48
Q

numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

A

Inferential Statistics

49
Q

a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

A

Meta Analysis

50
Q

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance, assuming there is no difference between the populations being studied

A

statistical significance

51
Q

the strength of a relationship between two or more variables

A

Effect size

52
Q

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

A

Doble-Blind Procedure

Psych 1 (6 decks)

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