Chapter 8

Question 1

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Answer 2

Recall

Question 3

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Answer 3

Recognition

Question 4

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Answer 4

Relearning

Question 5

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

Answer 5

Encoding

Question 6

the process of retaining encoded information over time

Answer 6

Storage

Question 7

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Answer 7

Retrieval

Question 8

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision.

Answer 8

Parallel Processing

Question 9

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Answer 9

Sensory Memory

Question 10

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

Answer 10

Short Term Memory

Question 11

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Answer 11

Long Term Memory

Question 12

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Answer 12

Working Memory

Question 13

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

Answer 13

Explicit memory

Question 14

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Answer 14

Effortful Processing

Question 15

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Answer 15

Automatic Processing

Question 16

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

Answer 16

Implicit Memory

Question 17

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Answer 17

Iconic Memory

Question 18

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Answer 18

Echoic Memory

Question 19

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Answer 19

Chunking

Question 20

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Answer 20

Mnemonics

Question 21

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Answer 21

Spacing Effect

Question 22

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

Answer 22

Testing Effect

Question 23

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

Answer 23

Shallow Processing

Question 24

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Answer 24

Deep Processing

Question 25

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge

Answer 25

Semantic Memory

Question 26

explicit memory for personal experiences

Answer 26

Episodic Memory

Question 27

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Answer 27

Hippocampus

Question 28

the neural storage of a long-term memory

Answer 28

Memory Consolidation

Question 29

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Answer 29

Flashbulb Memory

Question 30

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Answer 30

Long Term Potentiation

Question 31

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Answer 31

Priming

Question 32

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Answer 32

Encoding Specificity Principle

Question 33

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

Answer 33

Mood Congruent Memory

Question 34

our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list

Answer 34

Serial Position Effect

Question 35

an inability to form new memories

Answer 35

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 36

an inability to retrieve information from one’s past

Answer 36

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 37

the forward-acting disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Answer 37

Proactive Interference

Question 38

the backward-acting disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Answer 38

Retroactive Interference

Question 39

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Answer 39

Repression

Question 40

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Answer 40

Reconsolidation

Question 41

occurs when misleading information is incorporated into one’s memory after an event

Answer 41

MIsinformation Effect

Question 42

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined; heart of many false memories

Answer 42

Source Amnesia

Question 43

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Answer 43

Deja Vu