Psych 101 Flashcards
what is the Personality definition
- The distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterise a person’s response to life situations.
what is the psychoanalytical approach?
- psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and theory of personality
who was Psychoanalytic approach created by?
- Sigmund Freud
Where is Psychoanalytic approach used?
-used free association and dream interpretation to access unconscious motivation
define conscious
- the region of the psyche that contains thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and other aspects of mental life currently present in awareness.(tip of iceberg)
define preconscious
- thoughts, feelings, memories, that we are not consciously aware of but we can get to (middle of iceberg)
What is ID
- institution drives present at birth
- pleasure principle
-exists totally within unconscious
-does not distinguish between reality and fantasy
define unconscious
- wishes, impulses, desires, that we cannot access (bottom of iceburg/bulk).
- This is the bulk of your personality according to Freud.
define ego
-develops second, after the id in infancy
-reality principle
-mediator between id and superego (i.e CEO of personality)
-operated primarily at conscious level
define superego
-last to develop (4-5 years of age when emerges)
-based on idealistic principle
-internalisation of society and families moral standards
-blind quest for moral perfection
how do these systems work tg?
- -Constant struggle between the ids impulses and the counterforces of the ego and superego
-Anxiety results when the ego confronts impulses that threaten to get out of control
what are defense mechanisms?
-unconscious mental processes that are employed by the ego to reduce anxiety by denying or distorting reality
NORMATIVE: almost everyone uses these at times; maladjusted people use them excessively
what are the different types of defense mechanisms
- Repression
- Displacement
- Reaction formation
- Sublimation
- Projection
- Rationalization
- regression
- denial
- intellectualization
define repression according to Freud
- preventing painful or dangerous thoughts from entering consciousness
define displacement
- substituting a less threatening object for the original object of impulse
define reaction formation
- refusing to acknowledge unacceptable urges, thoughts, or feelings by exaggerating the opposite state
define sublimation
- working off unmet desires or unacceptable impulses in activities that are constructive
define projection
- -transferring unacceptable motives or impulses to others
define rationalization
- substituting socially acceptable reasons or thoughts or action based on unacceptable motives
define regression
- responding to a threatening situation in a way appropriate to an earlier age or level of development (ex: adult having a temper tantrum)
define denial
- protecting oneself from an unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive it
define intellectualization
- ignoring the emotional aspects of a painful experience by focusing on abstract thoughts, words, or ideas
What are some psychosexual stages?
- periods of development in which the id’s pleasure-seeking tendencies are focused on specific pleasure-sensitive areas of the body (erogenous zones)
define fixation
- a state of arrested psychosexual development in which instincts are focused on a particular theme
what is the oral stage (birth - infancy)?
- pleasure through the mouth
- weaning a child can lead to fixation if not handled correctly
- fixation can lead to oral activities in adulthood (e.g. excessive gum chewing)
what happens in the anal stage? and what age is it?
- 2 - 3 years
-pleasure from withholding and expelling from anus
-toilet training can lead to fixation of not handled correctly - Fixation can produce compulsions, obsessive cleanliness, orderliness, and rigidity or extreme messiness and disorganization
what is the phallic stage? and how old do you have to be>
- 4- 5 years
-children begin to realise sex differences
-direct sexual impulses toward opposite sex parent; hostility toward same sex partner
-Boys -castration anxiety
-girls- anger over lack of penis (penis envy)
define the oedipal complex
- desire mother leads to rivalry toward father
-fears contraction from father (castration anxiety)
-conflict resolves by idealising same sex parent
Electra complex: desire for father, hostility toward mother; leads to penis envy
what is Electra complex?
- desire for father, hostility toward mother; leads to penis envy
what is the latency stage? How old do you have to be?
- 6 - 12 years
-dormant sexuality
-children participate in hobbies, school and same sex friendships
what is the genital stage? 12+
-sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented towards others
-healthy adults find pleasure in love and work – - fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages
who are Alder and Jung and what are their psychodynamic theories?
Alder- humans are inherently social and are motivated by desire to support others welfare
Jung: personal and collective unconscious which are represented by archetypes
What is phenomenal within the humanistic perspective?
- emphasis on the primary of immediate experience
- Focuses attention on present instead of past
- Emphasizes the individual’s creative potential and inborn striving toward personal growth
- Self-awareness and self-actualization are important components of that growth
What is Carla Rogers theory of the self?
- ## belief that our natural forces will direct us toward self-actualization, the highest realization of human potential
according to carla roggers, define “The Self”
- an organized consistent set of perception of believe about oneself
what is real/preserved vs. ideal self
- Self consistency: an absence of conflict among self-perceptions
- Congruence: consistency between self-perception and experience (important for adjustment)
what do inconsistent experiences invoke?
- Threat and anxiety
what do well adjusted individuals do according to the humanistic perspective?
- Well- adjusted individuals modify the shelf concept in response to experiences that challenge self concept
what do poor adjusted ppl do according to the humanistic perspective?
- Poorly adjusted ppl have inflectable self consists of that cannot accommodate inconsistent experiences (more ridged)
define the need for positive regard
- an inborn need for acceptance, sympathy, and love from others
define unconditional psotove regared
- communicates that the personal is inherently worthy of love, regardless of accomplishments or behavior
define conditonal positive regard.
- dependent on how the child behaves