Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GNUR 150 Human anatomy > Psych 101 > Flashcards

Psych 101 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the Personality definition

A
  • The distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterise a person’s response to life situations.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the psychoanalytical approach?

A
  • psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and theory of personality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

who was Psychoanalytic approach created by?

A
  • Sigmund Freud
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is Psychoanalytic approach used?

A

-used free association and dream interpretation to access unconscious motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define conscious

A
  • the region of the psyche that contains thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and other aspects of mental life currently present in awareness.(tip of iceberg)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define preconscious

A
  • thoughts, feelings, memories, that we are not consciously aware of but we can get to (middle of iceberg)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is ID

A
  • institution drives present at birth
  • pleasure principle
    -exists totally within unconscious
    -does not distinguish between reality and fantasy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define unconscious

A
  • wishes, impulses, desires, that we cannot access (bottom of iceburg/bulk).
  • This is the bulk of your personality according to Freud.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define ego

A

-develops second, after the id in infancy
-reality principle
-mediator between id and superego (i.e CEO of personality)
-operated primarily at conscious level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define superego

A

-last to develop (4-5 years of age when emerges)
-based on idealistic principle
-internalisation of society and families moral standards
-blind quest for moral perfection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how do these systems work tg?

A
  • -Constant struggle between the ids impulses and the counterforces of the ego and superego

-Anxiety results when the ego confronts impulses that threaten to get out of control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are defense mechanisms?

A

-unconscious mental processes that are employed by the ego to reduce anxiety by denying or distorting reality

NORMATIVE: almost everyone uses these at times; maladjusted people use them excessively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the different types of defense mechanisms

A
  • Repression
  • Displacement
  • Reaction formation
  • Sublimation
  • Projection
  • Rationalization
  • regression
  • denial
  • intellectualization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define repression according to Freud

A
  • preventing painful or dangerous thoughts from entering consciousness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define displacement

A
  • substituting a less threatening object for the original object of impulse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define reaction formation

A
  • refusing to acknowledge unacceptable urges, thoughts, or feelings by exaggerating the opposite state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define sublimation

A
  • working off unmet desires or unacceptable impulses in activities that are constructive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define projection

A
  • -transferring unacceptable motives or impulses to others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define rationalization

A
  • substituting socially acceptable reasons or thoughts or action based on unacceptable motives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define regression

A
  • responding to a threatening situation in a way appropriate to an earlier age or level of development (ex: adult having a temper tantrum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define denial

A
  • protecting oneself from an unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

define intellectualization

A
  • ignoring the emotional aspects of a painful experience by focusing on abstract thoughts, words, or ideas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some psychosexual stages?

A
  • periods of development in which the id’s pleasure-seeking tendencies are focused on specific pleasure-sensitive areas of the body (erogenous zones)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

define fixation

A
  • a state of arrested psychosexual development in which instincts are focused on a particular theme
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the oral stage (birth - infancy)?

A
  • pleasure through the mouth
  • weaning a child can lead to fixation if not handled correctly
  • fixation can lead to oral activities in adulthood (e.g. excessive gum chewing)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what happens in the anal stage? and what age is it?

A
  • 2 - 3 years
    -pleasure from withholding and expelling from anus
    -toilet training can lead to fixation of not handled correctly
  • Fixation can produce compulsions, obsessive cleanliness, orderliness, and rigidity or extreme messiness and disorganization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the phallic stage? and how old do you have to be>

A
  • 4- 5 years
    -children begin to realise sex differences
    -direct sexual impulses toward opposite sex parent; hostility toward same sex partner
    -Boys -castration anxiety
    -girls- anger over lack of penis (penis envy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

define the oedipal complex

A
  • desire mother leads to rivalry toward father
    -fears contraction from father (castration anxiety)
    -conflict resolves by idealising same sex parent
    Electra complex: desire for father, hostility toward mother; leads to penis envy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is Electra complex?

A
  • desire for father, hostility toward mother; leads to penis envy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the latency stage? How old do you have to be?

A
  • 6 - 12 years
    -dormant sexuality
    -children participate in hobbies, school and same sex friendships
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the genital stage? 12+

A

-sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented towards others
-healthy adults find pleasure in love and work – - fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

who are Alder and Jung and what are their psychodynamic theories?

A

Alder- humans are inherently social and are motivated by desire to support others welfare
Jung: personal and collective unconscious which are represented by archetypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is phenomenal within the humanistic perspective?

A
  • emphasis on the primary of immediate experience
  • Focuses attention on present instead of past
  • Emphasizes the individual’s creative potential and inborn striving toward personal growth
  • Self-awareness and self-actualization are important components of that growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is Carla Rogers theory of the self?

A
  • ## belief that our natural forces will direct us toward self-actualization, the highest realization of human potential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

according to carla roggers, define “The Self”

A
  • an organized consistent set of perception of believe about oneself
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is real/preserved vs. ideal self

A
  • Self consistency: an absence of conflict among self-perceptions
  • Congruence: consistency between self-perception and experience (important for adjustment)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what do inconsistent experiences invoke?

A
  • Threat and anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what do well adjusted individuals do according to the humanistic perspective?

A
  • Well- adjusted individuals modify the shelf concept in response to experiences that challenge self concept
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what do poor adjusted ppl do according to the humanistic perspective?

A
  • Poorly adjusted ppl have inflectable self consists of that cannot accommodate inconsistent experiences (more ridged)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

define the need for positive regard

A
  • an inborn need for acceptance, sympathy, and love from others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

define unconditional psotove regared

A
  • communicates that the personal is inherently worthy of love, regardless of accomplishments or behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

define conditonal positive regard.

A
  • dependent on how the child behaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what were the conditions of the humanistic perspective?

A
  • Self perception is key to personality
  • Consider positive aspects of humans nature
  • Emphasize conscious experiences
43
Q

what ere the cirtistisms?

A
  • Too optimistic about human nature
  • Promotes self love & narcissism
44
Q

define trait theories

A
  • relatively stable cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of ppl; that help establish their individual identities and distinguish them from others
45
Q

what is Eysenck’s early trait theories?

A
  • biological, genetic basis for personality traits
  • Differences in customary levels of arousal
  • ## Introverts are over aroused, extraverts are under aroused
46
Q

what does it mean when there are Suddenness of shifts in arousal?

A
  • unstable (neurotic) ppl shows large and sudden shifts in arousal, stable ppl does not
47
Q

what is Eysenck two-dimensional theory?

A

fit somewhere between unstable and stable, and introversion and extroversion

48
Q
A
49
Q

what are the 5 big trait theories?

A
  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
    -neuroticism
50
Q

what is the cognitive behavioral social cognitive perspective?

A
  • Based on research, learning, cognition, and social influence
51
Q

what does Julian rotter believe?

A
  • believe that regards are controlled by one’s own effect
  • External vs. internal locus of control
52
Q

define self efficacy?

A
  • Belief about one’s ability to perform certain behaviors needed to achieve desired outcomes
    -Can be high or low
53
Q

when assessing personality what does the projective test do?

A
  • I show something and ask you what they see
    Images are vage, so it’s subject to interpretation
  • Your interpretations suggest something about your personality
  • You project your personality on what you say the image is
  • Examples: rorschach, thematic apparition test (TAT)
54
Q

define stress

A

mental and physical condition that occurs when a person must adjust or adapt to conditions in the environment

55
Q

define a stressor

A
  • condition of event in the environment that challenges our streets the person
56
Q

define what a social condition of stress is

A
  • Social condition that promote stress (greater levels of daily hassles & life events)
  • ex: poverty, racism, discrimination, crime
57
Q

what is general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A
  • Alarm
  • Resistance
  • Exhaustion
58
Q

what are some psychological reactions to stress??

A
  • Anxiety: PTSD
  • Anger/aggression
  • depression/apathy (learned helplessness)
59
Q

what are some factors that influence how we experience a stressor?

A

Perceptions of:
- Control
- Predictability
- Challenge

60
Q

define optimism.

A
  • Make external, unstable & specific explanations for negative events, glass half full
61
Q

define pessimism.

A
  • Make internal stable, & global explanations for negative events (glass half empty)
62
Q

what is a type A personality?

A
  • Urgency
  • General hostility
  • Intense and competitiveness
  • Associated with heart disease
63
Q

What does type B personally look like?

A
  • More easygoing
  • No heart disease
64
Q

what does excessive amount of stress lead to?

A
  • leads to suppressed immune function
  • Indirect effects: promote operating behaviors (ex: drinking and smoking)
  • Direct effects: psychosocial illness (ex: hypertension & headache)
65
Q

how does stress accelerate the aging process?

A
  • Telomeres: structures found at the tips of chromosomes, shorten with repeated cell divisions
  • Eventually, telomeres become too short for the cell to divide and the cell dies
  • Telomerase: enzyme that rebuilds telomeres
  • Chronic levels of stress associated with shortened telomeres and less telomerase activity speeds up the aging process
66
Q

what are the different types of coping styles?

A
  • Problem focused coping
  • Emotion-focused coping
  • Gender, culture, & coping
  • CBT
  • biofeedback
  • relaxation training
  • meditation
  • Exercise
  • Religion
67
Q

define problem focused coping

A
  • Planful problem solving
  • Managing or changing the stressor
  • Use if problem seems alterable
    Ex: what can I do next time to do better on this exam?
68
Q

define emotion focused coping

A
  • Try to feel better about situation
  • Use if problem is out of your control
69
Q

what are some examples of emotion focused coping?

A
  • Wishful thinking
  • Seeking social support (calling a friend)
  • Positive reappraisal maybe this will be a good thing at the end)
  • Downward compassion (this could be worse)
70
Q

define Gender, culture, & coping

A

Men & women show similar patterns of coping

71
Q

define collelectivist

A
  • More originated to social support
  • Favor emotion focused coping
72
Q

define what a indivialist is

A
  • Less likely to use social support
  • Favor problem focused coping
73
Q

what are vulnerability factors when relating to resistance

A
  • personal and environmental factors that ppl make reactive to stressful events
74
Q

what are the characteristics of resilient children?

A
  • adequately intellectual functioning
  • Self-efficacy
  • Faith
  • Relationship with at least one caring adult !!!!!!!
74
Q

what are protective factors when relating to resistance

A
  • personal and environmental resources that help ppl cope more effectively with stressful events
75
Q

How can behavior be characterized as?

A
  • Distressing to the individual
  • Dysfunctional (either for the individual or society)
  • Deviates from the norm
  • Dangerous (to them or others)
76
Q

what did Szasz theorize about mental health?

A
  • “Myth of mental illness” by Szasz
  • labeling /diagnosis way of stigmatizing societal deviance
  • Problems in living rather than illnesses
  • Saying mental illness isn’t real
77
Q

what are the advantages of getting a diagnosis?

A
  • Provides a common basis for communication
  • Helps clinician make predictions and treatment planning
  • Naming the disorder can provide comfort
  • Facilitate research
78
Q

what are the disadvantages of being dignosied?

A
  • Stima (shame, negative reputation)
  • Medical terminology implies internal cause
  • Focuses on weakness, ignore strengths
  • Misdiagnosis
  • Self - fulfilling prophecy
79
Q

define emotional contagion relating to how transmittable mental health problems are

A
  • When one person’s emotions are related behaviors directly tigger similar emotions and behaviors in other ppl
80
Q

what are the Multi Level Approach to Understanding the etiology

A

Biological
- Focus on brain, neurotransmitters, genes, etc
Psychological
- Focus on experiences thoughts emotions personality
Sociocultural
- Focus on social contexts including culture

81
Q

what is the Biopsychosocial Diathesis- Stress Model

A
  • disorders= stress x vulnerability
  • Disorder emerges when challenge exceeds individuals ability to cope
  • Diathesis = vulnerability/ risk factor
82
Q

what are anxiety disorders?

A
  • distressing , persistent fears that are disproportionate and disruptive
    • Feel uncontrollable
83
Q

what are the 4 comments of anxiety disorders?

A
  • Subjective-emotional
  • Cognitive
  • Psychological
  • Behavioral (avoidance)
84
Q

what causes anxiety disorders?

A

Biological:
- overactive ANS
Psychological: (cognitive)
- exaggerated mistinerinpreperations of stimuli (catastrophizing)
Social (environmental)
- Classically conditioned fear responses after a traumatic experience
- Observational learning: others as models
- Operant conditioning: what gets reinforced?

85
Q

what impacts a phobia

A
  • Degree of impairment depends on how often the stimulus is encountered in the person’s normal activities
  • specific phobias are related to how often you see the stimulus
86
Q

define panic disorder

A
  • recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror that often occur without warning
87
Q

define GAD

A
  • Persistent anxiety for at least 6 months
  • Inability to specific reason for the anxiety
88
Q

define social anxiety disorder

A
  • Intense fear of being embraced in public situations
89
Q

define OCD

A
  • Obsessions: persistent anxiety provoking thoughts (hands are germy, or worried that things are gonna happen)
90
Q

what are compulsions?

A
  • reduces the anxiety associated with the intrusive thoughts (obsessions) through performing repetitive, realistic behaviors to prevent or produce a situation
91
Q

Define PTSD

A
  • Human actions (ex:rape) 5x more likely than natural disasters to cause PTSD
  • Women 2x more likely
  • Women experience PTSD twice as often as men
  • PTSD rate of 20 % in those living close to world trade center
  • Severe symptoms that were not present before the trauma
    Ex: flashbacks, nightmares, feeling numb, avoidance
92
Q

define what characterizes depressive disorders

A
  • Characterized by disruptions in mood/affect
93
Q

what are some symptoms of depressive disorders?

A
  • Conative (low self worth,
  • Motivated (know that something may make them feel better but they can’t make themselves do it)
  • Bodily functions (weight changes, sleep ect)
  • Interpersonal difficulties (problems in relationships, irritability, sad disengaged)
94
Q

what is major depressive disorder:

A
  • Two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
  • Disruptions in sleep and appetite
95
Q

define Persistent Depressive Disorder: Dysthymia

A
  • 2 years or longer, depressed mood for more days then not
  • Depression but less server, and longe
96
Q

define bipolar disorder

A

person alters between depression & mania

97
Q

what are the symptoms of mania

A
  • Euphoric, no limits to what he or she can do
  • Hyperactive, frantic behavior
  • Irritated and aggressive when questioned
  • Rapid speech lessened need for sleep
98
Q

what are some Enviromental causes of depression

A

Lewinsohn (1985): depression is usually triggered by a loss
Person stops performing positive behaviors which lead to a loss positive reinforcements in continuing the cycle

99
Q

what are some psychological(cognitive) causes of depression

A
  • Depressive cognitive triad
  • Depressive attributional pattern (if something happens to someone else it’s okay, but if it happens to someone else it’s all my fault)
  • Learned helplessness (no matter what I do it’ll turn out badly)
100
Q

what are some biological factors of depression?

A
  • Detractively in a family of neurotransmitter that include norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin
  • Strong generic factors
101
Q

define schizophrenia

A

cherished by major departures from reality

102
Q

what are some biological factors?

A
  • Strong genetic predisposition
  • Brain abnormalities
103
Q
A

GNUR 150 Human anatomy (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions