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GNUR 150 Human anatomy > Human Physiology Chapter 2 Cell Structure & Function > Flashcards

Human Physiology Chapter 2 Cell Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

what are biomolecules?

A
  • molecules made by living things
  • contain carbon
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2
Q

What are the 4 basic types of biomolecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Amino acids and proteins
  • Nucleotides
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3
Q

what are carbohydrates composed of?

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • the general formula: Cn(H2O)n = (CH2O)n
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4
Q

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
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5
Q

how many cells are in the body?

A

100 trillion

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6
Q

what are all cells derived from?

A
  • fertilized ovum
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7
Q

how many types of cells are there?

A
  • 200
  • 4 general categories
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8
Q

what is a plasma membrane?

A
  • Barrier between cell and external environment
  • Fluid inside cell = intracellular fluid (ICF)
  • Fluid outside cell = extracellular fluid (ECF)
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9
Q

what are the internal components of a cell?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
    • Cytosol
    • Organelles
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10
Q

what does the structure of the plasma membrane consist of?

A

The fluid mosaic model:
- Phospholipid bilayer
* Cholesterol
* Membrane proteins
* Membrane carbohydrates

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11
Q

what is a phospholipid to a cell?

A
  • basic structure of a membrane
  • barrier to passage of water-soluble substances between ICF and ECF
  • Provide fluidity to the membrane, especially within
    a layer
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12
Q

are phospholipids impermeable to water?

A
  • yes
  • doesn’t allow water in
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13
Q

what are the functions of a phospholipid?

A
  • Barrier to passage of water-soluble substances between ICF and ECF
  • Provide fluidity to the membrane, especially within a layer
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14
Q

define aquaporins?

A
  • allow water through
  • integral membrane proteins
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15
Q

what is the function of cholesterol in the cell?

A
  • adds fluidity to the cell membrane
    - Interferes with hydrophobic interactions between phospholipids
    - Prevents crystallization of phospholipids
  • decrease permeability of the membrane to water
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16
Q

define amphipathic.

A
  • having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
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17
Q

how do you isolate proteins

A
  • the membrane must be disrupted
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18
Q

what are transmembrane proteins?

A
  • channels
  • carrier proteins
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19
Q

what is the function of a membrane carbohydrates?

A
  • covalently bound to membrane lipids or proteins
  • help with cell recognition
    ex: glycoproteins, glycolipids
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20
Q

what is the structure of the nucleus?

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Nuclear pores
  • Nucleolus: Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
21
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • transmission and expression of generic info
  • contains DNA: stores genetic code
  • transcribes DNA to RNA: which is necessary to express the genetic code
22
Q

what is cytosol?

A
  • fluid of the cell
23
Q

what is the function of the cytosol?

A
  • location of specific chemical reactions
  • storage of fat and carbs
  • storage of secretory vesicles
24
Q

what are organelles?

A
  • specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells
25
Q

what is the function of organelles?

A
  • membrane separates the structure from the cytosol
26
Q

what is a endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  • a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
27
Q

what does a rough ER look like?

A
  • Flattened sacs
  • Granular appearance due to ribosomes
28
Q

what does a Smooth ER look like?

A
  • Tubules
  • Smooth appearance
  • Lumens of the two ERs are continuous
29
Q

where does rough ER function?

A
  • in the synthesis of proteins to be
    packaged into vesicles
30
Q

where does smooth ER function?

A
  • in lipid synthesis, including triglycerides
    and steroid
    -
31
Q

what is the function of rough ER

A

-they export things out of the cell
- destined for certain organelles

32
Q

what are the functions of smooth ER

A
  • Stores calcium
  • Specialized in some cells
  • Example: Smooth ER in the liver contains
    detoxification enzymes
33
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Post-translational processing of proteins
* Packaging of proteins (and other molecules) into vesicles and directing them to the target

34
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A
  • “Power house “of the cell (generates ATP)
  • Enzymes of the Krebs cycle in the matrix
  • Electron transport chain on the cristae of the inner membrane
35
Q

what is a lysosome?

A
  • an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane
36
Q

what are the functions of lysosomes?

A
  • Contain enzymes that degrade cellular or extracellular debris
37
Q

what two processes degrade extracellular debris

A
  • Endocytosis
  • Phagocytosis
38
Q

what do peroxisomes do?

A
  • Degrade certain waste molecules
    Ie: * Amino acids
    * Fatty acids
    * Toxic foreign substances
39
Q

what is Tay - Sachs disease?

A
  • Genetic disorder
  • Lysosomal enzymes are less effective than normal
  • Buildup of specific lipids (gangliosides) results in vision
    loss
  • Easily startled (hallmark of disease)
  • Progression: Paralysis, deafness, seizures, death
  • Most common in persons of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage
40
Q

what are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Mechanical support and structure
  • Intracellular transport of materials
  • Suspension of organelles
  • Formation of adhesions with other cells
  • Contraction
  • Movement
41
Q

define cytoskeleton?

A
  • Lattice of fibrous proteins on a cell
42
Q

what are the filaments of a cytoskeletal?

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
43
Q

what are the functions of microfilaments?

A
  • Muscle contraction
  • Amoeboid-like movements
  • Separation of cytoplasm during cell division
  • Structural support for cell projections
  • Microvilli
  • Hair cells (specialized microvilli)
    made of actin
44
Q

what are the common types of intermediate filaments?

A
  • Myosin
  • Keratin
  • 10 nm in diameter
45
Q

what are the functions of microtubules?

A

Mitotic spindle
* Major component of cilia and flagella
* Cilia
* Respiratory tract, oviduct
* Flagella
* Sperm
25 nm in diameter

46
Q

what are non-membranous organelles?

A
  • No membrane
    • Ribosomes
    • Vaults
    • Centrioles
    • Cytoskeleton
47
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes = rRNA and proteins
* Very small (25 nm)
* Important in protein synthesis
* Fixed
* Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
* Free
* Loose in cytosol

48
Q

define the non-membranous organelle vaults

A

Barrel-shaped organelle
* May function in the transport of molecules
between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
* Linked to programmed cell death (apoptosis)
* Possess vault RNA (vRNA)

49
Q
A

GNUR 150 Human anatomy (14 decks)

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