- study of anatomical changes due to disease. - Pathologists use gross inspection, as well as cytologic, histologic, and laboratory examinations to discover the source of the disease.

- like histology, uses a microscope, but restricts the study individual cellular structures

introduction slides Flashcards by Paige Dalton

What are the levels of structural organization

- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organs
- system level
- organismic level

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what is the explanation for chemical level of Structal organization

atomic and molecular level

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what is the explanation for cellular level of Structal organization

smallest living unit of the body

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what is the explanation for tissue level of Structal organization

group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together on one task

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what are the 4 basic types of tissues?

epithelium
muscle
connective tissue
never

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what is the explanation for organ level of Structal organization

grouping of 2 or more tissue types into a recognizable structure with a specific function.

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what is the explanation for organ system level of Structal organization

collection of related organs with a common function
sometimes an organ is part of more than one system

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what is the explanation for organismic level of Structal organization

one living individual

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what is surface anatomy?

is the study of form and markings of the body surface, often explored through visualization or palpation (without any “cutting”).

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what is gross anatomy?

is the study of anatomical structures visible to unaided eye. After making the appropriate surface marking, the gross dissection proceeds through “cutting.”

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what are the two general approaches to gross anatomy?

Systemic approach (Systemic Anatomy):
Study all of the blood vessels, or all of the muscles, or all of the bones… at once.

Regional approach (Regional Anatomy)
All anatomical structures of a specific region

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what is histology?

study of tissues

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what is pathology?

study of anatomical changes due to disease.
Pathologists use gross inspection, as well as cytologic, histologic, and laboratory examinations to discover the source of the disease.

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what is cytology?

like histology, uses a microscope, but restricts the study individual cellular structures

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what are the 6 life processes?

Metabolism = sum of all chemical processes
breakdown of large molecules into small
building new structural components (proteins)‏
providing chemical energy for cells

-Responsiveness detect & respond to changes in internal or external environment some typical responses

-Movement at any structural level the body, an organ, a cell or cell component

Growth = increase in number or size of cells or the material found between cells

Differentiation = specialization of cells for a specific function stem cells give rise to cells that specialize

Reproduction = formation of new cells or new individuals

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What is anatomical position?

Standardized position from which to describe directional terms:
- standing upright
- facing the observer, head level
- eyes facing forward
- feet flat on the floor
- arms at the sides
- palms turned forward

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what is prone position?

lying face down

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what is supine position?

lying face up

define sagittal plane

divides the body or an organ into left and right sides

define midsagittal

produces equal halves

define Parasagittal plane

produces unequal halves

Define Frontal or coronal plane

divides the body or an organ into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

define Oblique plane

some combo of 2 other planes

define Transverse(cross-sectional) or horizontal plane

divides the body or an organ into upper (superior) or lower (inferior) portions

define superior

- towards the head - The eyes are superior to the mouth.

define inferior

- away from the head - The stomach is inferior to the heart.

define dorsal or posterior

- at the back of the body - The brain is posterior to the forehead.

define Ventral or Anterior

- at the front of the body - The sternum is anterior to the heart.

define ipsilateral

- on the same side of the body - The right arm is ipsilateral to the right leg.

define Contralateral

- on the opposite side of the body - The left ear is contralateral the right eye.

define proximal

- nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk - The knee is proximal to the ankle.

define distal

- farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk - wrist is distal to the elbow

what is in the ventral body cavity

- Near ventral surface of body 2 subdivisions: - thoracic cavity above diaphragm - abdominopelvic cavity below diaphragm

define mediastinum

- midline wall tissue that has the heart, great vessels, esophagus, trachea, and thymus

Pleural & Pericardial Cavities

- Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs - Parietal pleura lines chest wall - visceral pericardium heart covers: - parietal pericardium lines pericardia sac

define peritoneum

- Visceral peritoneum: serous membrane that covers the abdominal viscera - Parietal peritoneum: serous membrane that lines abdominal wall

what are some clinical observational techniques

- Inspection - Auscultation: listen to body sounds with stethoscope - ex: abnormal fluid in lungs - Percussion: tap on body surface and listen to echo - ex: air in intestines - Palpation: feel body surface with hands

define Conventional Radiography

- A single burst of x-rays - Produces 2-D image on film - Known as radiography or x-ray - Poor resolution of soft tissues - Major use is osteology

what is Computed Tomography (CT Scan) [CAT]

- Moving x-ray beam - Image produced on a video monitor of a cross-section through body - Computer generated image reveals more soft tissue detail - ex: kidney & gallstones - Multiple scans used to build 3D views

what's Digital Subtraction Angiography(DSA)‏

- Radiopaque material injected into blood vessels - Before and after images compared with a computer program - Image of blood vessel is shown on a monitor

define Ultrasound (US)‏

- High-frequency sound waves emitted by hand-held device - Safe, non-invasive & painless - Image or sonogram is displayed on video monitor - Used for fetal ultrasound and examination of pelvic & abdominal organs, heart and blood flow through blood vessels

what is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)‏

- Body exposed to high-energy magnetic field - Protons align themselves relative to magnetic field - Pulse of radio waves used to generate an image on video monitor - Can not use on patient with metal in their body - reveals fine detail within soft tissue

what is Positron Emission Tomography(PET)‏

- Substance that emits positively charged particles is injected into body - Collision with negatively charged electrons in tissues releases gamma rays - Camera detects gamma rays & computer generates image displayed on a monitor.