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GNUR 150 Human anatomy > introduction slides > Flashcards

introduction slides Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of structural organization

A

​- Chemical ​
- Cellular​
- Tissue​
- Organs​
- system level
- organismic level
​

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2
Q

what is the explanation for chemical level of Structal organization

A
  • atomic and molecular level
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3
Q

what is the explanation for cellular level of Structal organization

A
  • smallest living unit of the body
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4
Q

what is the explanation for tissue level of Structal organization

A
  • group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together on one task​
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5
Q

what are the 4 basic types of tissues?

A
  1. epithelium
  2. muscle
  3. connective tissue
  4. never
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6
Q

what is the explanation for organ level of Structal organization

A
  • grouping of 2 or more tissue types into a recognizable structure with a specific function.​
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7
Q

what is the explanation for organ system level of Structal organization

A
  • collection of related organs with a common function​
  • sometimes an organ is part of more than one system​
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8
Q

what is the explanation for organismic level of Structal organization

A
  • one living individual
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9
Q

what is surface anatomy?

A
  • is the study of form and markings of the body surface, often explored through visualization or palpation (without any “cutting”). ​
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10
Q

what is gross anatomy?

A
  • is the study of anatomical structures visible to unaided eye. After making the appropriate surface marking, the gross dissection proceeds through “cutting.” ​

​

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11
Q

what are the two general approaches to gross anatomy?

A

Systemic approach (Systemic Anatomy): ​
Study all of the blood vessels, or all of the muscles, or all of the bones… at once.​

Regional approach (Regional Anatomy)​
All anatomical structures of a specific region

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12
Q

what is histology?

A
  • study of tissues
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13
Q

what is pathology?

A
  • study of anatomical changes due to disease. ​
  • Pathologists use gross inspection, as well as cytologic, histologic, and laboratory examinations to discover the ​source of the disease.​
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14
Q

what is cytology?

A
  • like histology, uses a microscope, but restricts the study individual cellular structures
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15
Q

what are the 6 life processes?

A
  • Metabolism = sum of all chemical processes​
    breakdown of large molecules into small ​
    building new structural components (proteins)‏​
    providing chemical energy for cells​

-Responsiveness​ detect & respond to changes in internal or external environment​ some typical responses ​

-Movement at any structural level​ the body, an organ, a cell or cell component​

Growth​ = increase in number or size of cells or the material found between cells​

Differentiation​ = specialization of cells for a specific function​ stem cells give rise to cells that specialize​

Reproduction​ = formation of new cells or new individuals

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16
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

Standardized position from which to describe directional terms​:
- standing upright​
- facing the observer, head level​
- eyes facing forward​
- feet flat on the floor​
- arms at the sides​
- palms turned forward​

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17
Q

what is prone position?

A
  • lying face down​
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18
Q

what is supine position?

A
  • lying face up
19
Q

define sagittal plane

A
  • divides the body or an organ into left and right sides
20
Q

define midsagittal

A

produces equal halves​

21
Q

define Parasagittal plane

A
  • produces unequal halves
22
Q

Define Frontal or coronal plane​

A
  • divides the body or an organ into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions​
23
Q

define Oblique plane

A
  • some combo of 2 other planes
23
Q

define Transverse(cross-sectional) or horizontal plane

A
  • divides the body or an organ into upper (superior) or lower (inferior) portions​
24
Q

define superior

A
  • towards the head​
  • The eyes are superior to the mouth.
25
Q

define inferior

A
  • away from the head​
  • The stomach is inferior to the heart.
26
Q

define dorsal or posterior

A
  • at the back of the body​
  • The brain is posterior to the forehead.​

​

27
Q

define Ventral or Anterior

A
  • at the front of the body​
  • The sternum is anterior to the heart.
28
Q

define ipsilateral

A
  • on the same side ​
    of the body​
  • The right arm is ipsilateral to the right leg.
29
Q

define Contralateral​

A
  • on the opposite side of the body​
  • The left ear is contralateral the right eye.
30
Q

define proximal

A
  • nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk​
  • The knee is proximal to the ankle.​
31
Q

define distal

A
  • farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk​
  • wrist is distal to the elbow
32
Q

what is in the ventral body cavity

A
  • Near ventral surface of body​

2 subdivisions​:
- thoracic cavity above diaphragm​
- abdominopelvic cavity below diaphragm

33
Q

define mediastinum

A
  • midline wall tissue that has the heart, great vessels, esophagus, trachea, and thymus
34
Q

Pleural & Pericardial Cavities

A
  • Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs - Parietal pleura lines chest wall​
  • visceral pericardium heart covers: - parietal pericardium lines pericardia sac
35
Q

define peritoneum

A
  • Visceral peritoneum:
    serous membrane that covers the abdominal viscera​
  • Parietal peritoneum: serous membrane that lines abdominal wall ​
36
Q

what are some clinical observational techniques

A
  • Inspection​
  • Auscultation​: listen to body sounds with stethoscope​
  • ex: abnormal fluid in lungs​
  • Percussion​: tap on body surface and listen to echo​
  • ex: air in intestines​
  • Palpation​: feel body surface with hands​
37
Q

define Conventional Radiography

A
  • A single burst of x-rays​
  • Produces 2-D image on film​
  • Known as radiography or x-ray​
  • Poor resolution of soft tissues​
  • Major use is osteology​
38
Q

what is Computed Tomography (CT Scan) [CAT]

A
  • Moving x-ray beam​
  • Image produced on a video monitor of a cross-section through body​
  • Computer generated image reveals more soft tissue detail​
  • ex: kidney & gallstones​
  • Multiple scans used to build 3D views
39
Q

what’s Digital Subtraction Angiography(DSA)‏​

A
  • Radiopaque material injected into blood vessels​
  • Before and after images compared with a computer program​
  • Image of blood vessel is shown on a monitor
40
Q

define Ultrasound (US)‏

A
  • High-frequency sound waves emitted by hand-held device​
  • Safe, non-invasive & painless​
  • Image or sonogram is displayed on video monitor​
  • Used for fetal ultrasound and examination of pelvic & abdominal organs, heart ​
    and blood ​flow through ​blood vessels
41
Q

what is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)‏​

A
  • Body exposed to high-energy magnetic field​
  • Protons align themselves relative to magnetic field​
  • Pulse of radio waves used to generate an image on video monitor​
  • Can not use on patient with metal in their body​
  • reveals fine detail within soft tissue
42
Q

what is Positron Emission Tomography(PET)‏​

A
  • Substance that emits positively charged particles is injected into body​
  • Collision with negatively charged electrons in tissues releases gamma rays​
  • Camera detects gamma rays & computer generates image displayed on a monitor.

GNUR 150 Human anatomy (14 decks)

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