chapter 6, endocrine glands and hormone actions

Question 1

what are the 7 primary endocrine organs?

Answer 1

1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
3. Pineal Gland
4. Thyroid Gland
5. Parathyroid Glands
6. Pancreas
7. adrenal glands

Question 2

what are the 6 secondary endocrine organs?

Answer 2

• Heart
• Kidneys
• GI tract
• Liver
• fat
• thymus

Question 3

what are the two ways to transport hormones?

Answer 3

1. Hydrophilic (“water loving”) hormones
2. Hydrophobic (“water fearing”) hormones

Question 4

define characteristics of Hydrophilic (“water loving”) hormones

Answer 4

• Peptides, catecholamines
• Dissolved in plasma

Question 5

define characteristics hydrophobic (“water fearing”) hormones

Answer 5

• Steroids, thyroid hormones
• Bound to carrier proteins
• Only free hormone can bind to receptors
• Only free hormone can be metabolized
• Longer half-life

Question 6

what are the three sites of hormone metabolism?

Answer 6

• Target cell
• Blood
• Liver
• Lipophilic hormones can be stored in adipose (fat) tissue

Question 7

what is hyposecretion

Answer 7

• Too little
• Diabetes mellitus type 1

Question 8

what is hypersecretion

Answer 8

• too much
• Disease: Acromegaly
  symptoms: A rare condition which results from excessive production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland. This causes enlarged bones in face, feet and hands.

Question 9

what is Abnormal tissue responsiveness?

Answer 9

• when tissue responds inappropriately

Question 10

what is a primary secretion disorder?

Answer 10

• Abnormality in the endocrine organ secreting the hormone

Question 11

what is a secondary secretion disorder?

Answer 11

• Abnormality in tropic hormone
• Hypothalamic tropic hormone
• Anterior pituitary tropic hormone

Question 12

what is Antagonism?

Answer 12

• Effects of hormones oppose each other
• ex: Example: Glucagon versus insulin
• Glucagon increases blood glucose levels
• Insulin decreases blood glucose levels
• Pharmacology: Antidotes against points (in healthcare)

Question 13

what is additive effect?

Answer 13

• Net effect equals the sum of
  the individual effects

Question 14

what is synergism?

Answer 14

• Effects of two hormones favor each
  other but the net effect exceeds the sum of
  individual effects
• The effects of glucagon, cortisol, and
  epinephrine on blood glucose
• for example, that hormones A and B produce equal
  effects when present at a concentration of 1 nanogram per
  deciliter (ng/dL) of blood. If both hormones were present at 1
  ng/dL blood, then the response in an additive interaction would be
  the sum of that of the individual hormones, but the response in a
  synergistic interaction would be greater than the sum of the
  individual hormone responses

Question 15

what is permissiveness?

Answer 15

• One hormone is needed for another to exert its effects
• examples:
  Thyroid hormones cause expression of adrenergic
  receptors in bronchiolar smooth muscle
• Estrogen causes expression of progesterone receptors
  in the uterus