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GNUR 150 Human anatomy > integumentary system > Flashcards

integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the integumentary system is composed of:

A

-Skin​
-Hair​
-Nails​
-sweat glands​
-Sebaceous glands​
-Mammary glands​

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2
Q

what are the functions of the skin?​

A
  • Thermoregulation ​
  • Blood reservoir​
  • Protection​
  • Cutaneous sensations​
  • Excretion and absorption​
  • Synthesis of vitamin D
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3
Q

what is gross anatomy of te integumanetary systen

A
  • large organ composed of all 4 tissues
  • 22 sq feet
  • 0.5 mm - 5.0 mm thick
    - thicker on feet and palms
  • weights approximately 10 LBS
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4
Q

what are the two layers of the skin?

A
  1. epidermis is epithelial tissue only (can see)
  2. dermis is a layer of connective tissue, never & muscle
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5
Q

what is subcutaneous tissue?

A
  • Sub Q, hypodermis is a layer of adipose and areolar tissue
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6
Q

what is the cutaneous membrane made out of?

A
  • epidermis (thin)
  • dermis
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7
Q

what are the accessory structures?

A
  • hair follicles
  • exocrine glands
  • nails
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8
Q

what is the overall structure of the integumentary system

A
  • cutaneous membrane
    - epidermis
    - superficial epithelium
  • Dermis
    - underlying connective tissue
    - deep to fermis is the hypodermis
    - also known as sub q
  • hypodermis
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9
Q

what is the function of the epidermis

A
  • Protects dermis from ​
    trauma, chemicals
  • Sensory receptors​
    detect touch, pressure,​
    pain, and temperature
  • Synthesizes vitamin D
  • Prevents entry of ​
    pathogens
  • Controls skin ​
    permeability, and ​
    prevents water loss
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10
Q

What is the function of the hair follicles?

A
  • Produce hairs that​
    provide delicate​
    touch sensations​
    on general body​
    surface
  • produce hairs that protect the skull
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11
Q

what is the function of exocrine glands?

A
  • assists in thermoregulation
  • excrete waste
  • lubricates epidermis
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12
Q

What is the function of the nails?

A
  • protect and supports tips and fingers and toes
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13
Q

overview of epidermis?

A
  • Stratified squamous epithelium​
  • Contains no blood vessels​
  • 4 types of cells​
  • 5 distinct strata (layers) of cells
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14
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis

A
  • Stratum corneum​
  • Stratum lucidum​
  • Stratum granulosum​
  • Stratum spinosum​
    -Stratum basale
    COME
    LETS
    GET
    SUN
    BAKED
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15
Q

what are the cells of the epidermis

A
  • Keratinocytes–90%​
    - produce keratin​
  • Melanocytes—–8 %​
    - produces melanin pigment​
    - melanin transferred to other cells with long cell processes​
  • Langerhan cells
    - from bone marrow​
    - provide immunity​
  • Merkel cells​
    - in deepest layer​
    - form touch receptor with sensory neuron
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16
Q

what does the stratum Basale

A
  • Deepest single layer of cells ​
  • Called stratum germinativum​
  • Combination of merkel cells, melanocytes, keratinocytes & stem cells that divide repeatedly​
  • Cells attached to each other & to basement membrane by desmosomes & hemidesmosomes
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17
Q

what’s in the second layered the Stratum spinosum

A
  • 8 to 10 cell layers held together by desmosomes​
  • During slide preparation, cells shrink and look spiny​
  • Melanin taken in by phagocytosis from nearby melanocytes
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18
Q

what’s in the stratum grandulosum

A
  • 3 - 5 layers of flat dying cells​
  • Show nuclear degeneration​
  • Contain dark-staining keratohyalin granules​
  • Contain lamellar granules that release lipid that repels water
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19
Q

what’s in the stratum lucidum

A
  • Seen in thick skin on palms & soles of feet​
  • Three to five layers of clear, flat, dead cells​
  • Contains precursor of keratin
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20
Q

what’s in the Stratum Corneum?

A
  • 25 to 30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids​
  • Continuously shed​
  • Barrier to light, heat, water, chemicals & bacteria​
  • Friction stimulates callus formation​
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21
Q

what is the process of keratinzation & epidermal growth

A
  • Stem cells divide to produce keratinocytes​
  • As keratinocytes are pushed up towards the surface, they fill with keratin​
  • 4 week journey unless outer layers removed in abrasion​
  • Hormone EGF (epidermal growth factor) can speed up process
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22
Q

what are skin grafts?

A
  • New skin can not regenerate if stratum basale and its stem cells are destroyed​
  • Skin graft is covering of wound with piece of healthy skin​
  • autograft from self​
  • isograft from twin​
  • autologous skin​
    - transplantation of patients skin grown in culture​
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23
Q

what layer of skin cannot regenerate if damaged?

A
  • stratum Basale
  • & it’s stem cells
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24
Q

what are the two major regions of the dermis?

A
  • papillary region
  • reticular region
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25
Q

what is the dermis composed of?

A
  • Connective tissue layer composed of collagen & elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages & fat cells​
  • Contains hair follicles, glands, nerves & blood vessels​
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26
Q

what is the papillary region composed of?

A
  • Top 20% of dermis​
  • Composed of loose CT & elastic fibers ​
  • Finger like projections called dermal papillae​
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27
Q

what is the function of the papillary region?

A

Functions​:
- anchors epidermis to dermis​

  • contains capillaries that feed epidermis​
  • contains Meissner’s corpuscles (touch) & free nerve endings (pain and temperature)
28
Q

what is the reticular region composed of?

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue​
  • Contains interlacing collagen and elastic fibers​
  • Packed with oil glands, sweat gland ducts, fat & hair follicles​
  • Provides strength, extensibility & elasticity to skin​
  • stretch marks are dermal tears from extreme stretching​
  • Epidermal ridges form in fetus as epidermis conforms to dermal papillae​
    - fingerprints are left by sweat glands open on ridges​
    - incase grip of hand​
29
Q

How do wrinkles occur?

A
  • The interwoven collagen fibers provide tensile strength​
  • The elastic fibers allow the skin to stretch and recoil​

Skin wrinkles are due to:​
- Age​
- Change in hormone levels​
- UV light

30
Q

what makes stretch makers occur?

A
  • Extensive stretching during pregnancy (or excessive weight gain) can cause reticular fibers to break​
  • The skin does not recoil​
  • The skin wrinkles and creases, resulting in stretch marks​
31
Q

what are tension lines? and where are they located

A
  • they are located in the dermis
  • Collagen and elastic fibers have a tendency to organize themselves in a parallel pattern​
  • In certain areas of the body, there is a pattern of cleavage lines due to stress or a specific type of movement​
  • To reduce scar formation (extensive damage to the fibers), surgeons try to cut parallel to the lines of cleavage​
32
Q

How is melanin produced in the epidermis?

A
  • Melanin produced in epidermis by melanocytes​
  • same number of melanocytes in everyone, but differing amounts of pigment produced​
  • results vary from pale yellow to red to tan to black​
  • melanocytes convert tyrosine to melanin​
  • UV in sunlight increases melanin production​
32
Q

what is the function of carotene in the dermis?

A
  • yellow-orange pigment (precursor of vitamin A)​
  • found in stratum corneum & dermis
33
Q

what is the function of hemoglobin in the dermis?

A
  • red, oxygen-carrying pigment in blood cells​
  • if other pigments are not present, epidermis is translucent so pinkness will be evident
34
Q

why do patients turn jaundice

A
  • yellowish color to skin and whites of eyes​
  • buildup of yellow bilirubin in blood from liver disease
35
Q

why do patients turn cyanotic?

A
  • bluish color to nail beds and skin​
  • hemoglobin depleted of oxygen looks purple-blue
36
Q

what is erythema

A
  • redness of skin due to enlargement of capillaries in dermis​
  • during inflammation, infection, allergy or burns
37
Q

what are accessory structures of the skin?

A
  • Epidermal derivatives​
  • Cells sink inward during development to form:​
  • hair​
  • oil glands​
  • sweat glands​
  • nails​
38
Q

What is the structure of the hair?

A
  • Shaft – visible​
  • Root – below the surface​
  • Follicle surrounds root​
  • external root sheath​
  • internal root sheath​
  • base of follicle is bulb​
    - blood vessels​
    - germinal cell layer
39
Q

what is the arrector pili in the hair?

A
  • smooth muscle in dermis contracts with cold or fear.​

forms goosebumps as hair is pulled vertically

40
Q

what is the hair root plexus?

A
  • detect hair movement
41
Q

what is the cycle of hair growth?

A
  • Growth cycle = growth stage & resting stage​
  • Growth stage :
    - lasts for 2 to 6 years​
    - matrix cells at base of hair root producing length​

Resting stage​:
- lasts for 3 months​
-matrix cells inactive & follicle atrophies​

  • Old hair falls out as growth stage begins again​
    - normal hair loss is 70 to 100 hairs per day
42
Q

What is hair color produce from?

A
  • Result of melanin produced in melanocytes in hair bulb​
  • Dark hair contains true melanin​
  • Blond and red hair contain melanin with iron and sulfur added​
  • Graying hair is result of decline in melanin production​
  • White hair has air bubbles in the medullary shaft
43
Q

What are the function of the hair?

A
  • Prevents heat loss​
  • Decreases sunburn​
  • Eyelashes help protect eyes​
  • Touch receptors (hair root plexus) senses light touch​
44
Q

what are the glands of the skin:

A
  • Specialized exocrine glands found in dermis​
  • Sebaceous (oil) glands​
  • Sudiferous (sweat) glands​
  • Ceruminous (wax) glands​
  • Mammary (milk) glands
45
Q

what is the function of sebaceous gland?

A
  • Secretory portion in the dermis​
  • Most open onto hair shafts ​
  • Sebum​:
             - combination of cholesterol, proteins, fats & salts​

          - keeps hair and skin from soft & pliable​

           - inhibits growth of bacteria & fungi(ringworm)​
46
Q

where does acne come from

A

Acne​:
- bacterial inflammation of glands​
- secretions stimulated by hormones at puberty

47
Q

what is the faction ceruminous glands?

A
  • Modified sweat glands produce waxy secretion in ear canal​
  • Cerumen contains secretions of oil and wax glands​
  • Helps form barrier for entrance of foreign bodies​
  • Impacted cerumen may reduce hearing​
48
Q

what are the function of nails?

A
  • Tightly packed, keratinized cells​
  • Nail body is pink due to underlying capillaries​
  • Lunula appears white due to thickened stratum basale in that area​
  • Cuticle (eponychium) is stratum corneum​
  • Nail matrix deep to the nail root is the region from which the nail growth occurs​
  • Growth is 1mm per week–faster in summer & on most-used hand​
49
Q

what is the structure of nails?

A
  • Tightly packed keratinized cells​:
  • Nail body​
    - visible portion pink due to underlying capillaries​
    - free edge appears white​

Nail root​:
- buried under skin layers​

  • lunula is white due to thickened stratum Basale​
  • Eponychium (cuticle)​
    - stratum corneum layer​
50
Q

how does nail grow?

A
  • Nail matrix below nail root produces growth​
  • Cells transformed into tightly packed keratinized cells​
  • 1 mm per week
51
Q

what are the 2 different types of skin?

A
  • thin skin
  • thick skin
51
Q

what are the features of thin skin?

A
  • covers most of body​
  • thin epidermis (.1 to .15 mm.) that lacks stratum lucidum​
  • lacks epidermal ridges, has fewer sweat glands and sensory receptors​
52
Q

what are the features of thick skin?

A
  • only on palms and soles​
  • thick epidermis (.6 to 4.5 mm.) with distinct stratum lucidum & thick stratum corneum​
  • lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands​
53
Q

what is the first degree burn like?

A
  • it burned the epidermis
  • ex: sunburn
54
Q

what does a second degree burn look like?

A
  • burned of the epidermis or dermis bc it has been split
  • is composed of blisters
55
Q

what does a tired degree burn look like?

A
  • composed of burned tissue, epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue (muscle or bone)
  • skin turns black
56
Q

what are the rules of 9 for burns?

A
  • anterior and posterior head and neck is 9%
  • anterior and posterior shoulders, arms, forearms and hands is 18%
  • anterior and posterior trunk 36%
  • anterior and posterior thighs, legs, and feet are 36%
  • peritoneum is 1%
57
Q

what is a parenteral injections?

A
  • Injected under the skin​

Fastest route of administration​

More blood supply, the faster the absorption​

Faster in muscle than in fat​

IM, ID, Sub-Q, IV

58
Q

what is a Intramuscular Injections (IM) injections?

A

Given into the muscle when:​
1) drugs irritate the SubQ, ​
2) need rapid absorption, ​
3)large volume of medication is injected​
- Angle of insertion is 90 degrees​
- 22-23 Gauge ​
- 1- 11/2 inches​
- Usually hold 3 ml​
- Aspirate​
- Massage after withdraw​
- Examples include Pcn, Demerol

59
Q

what are some of the common IM sites?

A
  • Vastus Lateralis (thigh- greater trochanter and patella)​
  • Dorsogluteal (gluteus- greater troachanter and posterior illiac spine—WATCH for sciatic!)​
  • Ventrogluteal (gluteus- greater trochanter, index finger pointed to anterior illiac spine and make triangle)​
  • Deltoid (arm – 2-3 fingers ​
    below the acromion process)​
60
Q

what is the z- track pertaining to injections?

A

​

  • IM injection that prevents leakage of medication into upper tissues​
  • Upper tissues are displaced laterally before introduction of the needle and meds- held for 10 sec. after the needle is removed, then release​
  • Use in gluteus​
  • ASPIRATE​
  • DO NOT MASSAGE!
61
Q

What is a Subcutaneous (Sub Q)​ injection? and where is it injected into?

A
  • Given below the skin into the adipose tissue​
  • Chosen when there is a slower required effect​
  • 25-26 Gauge​
  • 5/8 inch​
  • 3 ml​
  • Angle 45 degrees (except heparin & insulin=90)​
  • ASPIRATE!​
  • MASSAGE- except for heparin and insulin​
  • Given in deltoid, thigh, and abdomen​
  • Example is insulin​
62
Q
A
62
Q

What is an intradermal (ID) injection?

A
  • Given within the skin​
  • Small wheal is usually raised​
  • 27-28 Gauge​
  • 3/8 inch​
  • 1 ml​
  • Angle is 15 degrees (almost parallel to skin!)​
  • Do not ASPIRATE or MASSAGE!​
  • Forearm, upper arm, and upper back​
  • Examples are allergy skin tests and TB​
63
Q
A
64
Q
A

GNUR 150 Human anatomy (14 decks)

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