Chapter 1 Human Physiology Flashcards
define physiology
- Physiology is the science of HOW the body works
- It helps you realize that body functions are
integrated - Physiology is a work-in-progress
what are the 4 different classifications of cell types?
- Neurons
- Muscle cells
- Epithelial cells
- Connective tissue cells
Based primarily on cell function corresponding to four major tissue types
- Nerve tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Epithelium (epithelial tissue)
- Connective tissue
what is the basic function of nerve cells?
- Transmit signals for communication
- Have branches to receive or transmit messages
- Receive information from receptors
- Transmit information to muscles and other organs
- Some neurons process information
what are the basic functions of muscle cells?
- Specialized to contract
- Voluntary or involuntary
- examples:
- Flexing of an arm
- Pumping of blood
- Mixing of food in the stomach
what are the basic functions of epithelial cells and epithelium?
- Epithelium: sheet-like layer of cells
- Lines external body surfaces
- Lines hollow organs or vessels
- Interior = lumen
- Functions as a barrier and a transport membrane
what are the basic properties of glands and their functions?
- Formed from epithelium
- Manufacture a product
what are the two classifications of glands?
Exocrine glands
* Examples: sweat, salivary
* Have ducts
Endocrine glands
* Examples: pituitary, adrenal
* No ducts
* Hormone released into blood
what are the basic properties of connective tissue?
- Most diverse of the four tissues
- Characterized by an extracellular matrix
- Anchors and links structures of the body
*Examples: bone, tendons, fat, blood
what are the basic rules of organs?
Organs: Composed of at least two tissue types
performing specific functions
* Organ system: Collection of organs performing a
particular task
what is the basic rule of organ systems?
Organ system: Collection of organs performing a
particular task
what is the function of the endocrine system?
- provide communication between cells of the body through the release of hormones in the blood stream
- organs: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, pancreas
what are the functions of the nervous system?
- provide communication between cells of the body through electrical signals and the release of neurotransmitters into small gaps between certain cells
- organs: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
what is the function of the musculoskeletal system?
- support the body, allow voluntary movement of the body, allow facial expressions
- Organs: skeletal muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments
what is the function of the cardiovascular system?
- transport molecules throughout the body in the bloodstream
- organs: heart, blood vessels, blood vessels
what are the functions of the respiratory system?
- bring 02 into the body and eliminate Co2 from the body
- organs: lungs, pharynx trachea, bronchi
what are the functions of the urinary system?
- filter the blood to regulate acidity, blood volume, and ion concentrations, eliminates waste
- orangs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
what is the function of the gastrointestinal system?
- break down food and absorb it into the body
- organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
what are the functions of the reproductive system?
- generate offspring
- organs: gonads, reproductive tracts and glands
what are the functions of the immune system?
- defend the body against pathogens and abnormal cells
- organs: white blood cells, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids
what are the functions of the integumentary system?
- protects the body from the external environment
- organs: skin
describe the external-internal exchange.
external <—> plasma <—> tissue fluid <—> cell
In: Nutrients and oxygen Out: Wastes and unneeded material
- examples: lungs, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys
How is fluid divided in the body?
- Body is divided into compartments
- Compartments contain fluids
- Compartments are separated by epithelial
membranes - Membranes are semipermeable
- Transport occurs between compartments
what does TBW stand for?
total body water
what does TBW consist of
- Consists of water and dissolved materials
- Includes solutions within cells and solutions
surrounding cells - A body fluid and its corresponding compartment
have the same name
what does ICF stand for?
- Intracellular fluid (compartment)
- fluid inside cells (cytoplasm)
what does ECF stand for?
- Extracellular fluid
- fluid outside cells but within body
- is the internal environment
what is homeostasis?
- Ability to maintain a relatively constant internal
environment
What are some components of the internal environment that are regulated?
- temperature
- volume
- composition
What does homeostasis require to function?
- Requires organ systems integration
- Disruption of homeostasis is the basis for disease and death
define regulated variable
- That aspect which is maintained
- Examples: Speed of a car, blood glucose concentration, blood pH, plasma levels of sodium
Define negative feedback
- If a regulated variable decreases, the system responds to make it increase, and vice versa
- Tends to be self-correcting
what is a set point related to homeostats
- Expected value of a regulated variable
- Examples:
- Core body temperature = 37ºC
- Blood glucose (sugar) = 100 mg/dL
- Blood pH = 7.4
what is an error signal relating to homeostasis?
- Difference between the value of the set point and the value of the regulated variable
what structures enable homeostasis
- Receptors
- Integrating centers
- Effectors
- Signals
what do the receptors do relating to homeostasis
- detect stimuli
- examples:
- Thermoreceptors
- Chemoreceptors
- Baroreceptors
- examples:
what does the interrogating center do?
- orchestrates an appropriate response to stimuli
- there are many interrogating centers in the brain
what are effectors in homeostasis?
- Responsible for body responses
- Examples:
* Muscles (smooth, striated, cardiac)
* Glands
what do singles allow for?
- Allow components to communicate
- Input signal is from a receptor to an integrating center
- Output signal is from an integrating center to an effector
- Signals are chemical messages or are sent via neurons
clinical connections: heat exhaustion:
What happens to the body’s homeostats during heat exhaustion?
- Heat Exhaustion leads to
- Massive sweating
- Reduced blood volume
- Blood flow to skin
- Negative feedback
- Temperature still “normal”
- Reduced blood pressure
- Dizziness, fainting
- Flushed and wet
clinical connections: heat exhaustion:
What happens to the body’s homeostats during heat stroke?
- Heat Stroke
- No sweating
- Reduced blood volume
- Blood flow to skin
- Positive feedback
- Temperature elevated
- Reduced blood pressure
- Delirium
- Flushed and dry
what kind of disease are diabetes mellitus
- metabolic disease
with diabetes what levels are effected?
- Blood glucose levels are elevated
- Urine glucose are elevated
- Plasma volumes are affecte
what are the signs and simples of diabetes?
- excessive thirst
- massive fluid loss
what does organ system does diabetes effect?
- every organ system
what is BMI?
- body weight over height
- used to define obesity
- overweight BMI (25 - 29)
- obsess BMI (30-39)
- morbid obesity over 40
what is type 1 diabetes?
- lack of insulin
- 5 - 10 % of cases
describe diabetes type 2
impaired resonse to normal insluin levels
what does pre diabetes look like
- Blood glucose 100–125 mg/dL
- Affects 79 million Americans
- Most likely to develop DM type 2 in 10 years
what is gestational diabetes
- subclass of type 2
- affects 4% of preggo women
- May develop type 2 diabetes post pregnancy
what is diabetes insipidus?
- Insipid urine
- Unrelated to DM
- Affects antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)–aquaporin 2 system
What are possible ways of diagnosing diabetes?
- Fasting plasma glucose test
* 60–100 mg/dL: Normal
* 100–125 mg/dL: Pre-diabetes
* >125 mg/dL: Diabetes - Oral glucose tolerance test
* ≤139 mg/dL: Normal
* 140–199 mg/dL: Pre-diabetes
* ≥200 mg/dL: Diabetes - Hemoglobin A1c
* Estimates blood glucose for 2–3 months
What are some symptoms of diabetes?
- Dehydration
- Fatigue, lethargy, coma
- Eyes, kidney microvasculature
- Heart, stomach
- Neuropathy
- Erectile dysfunction
- Atherosclerosis
How to treat diabetes
- Maintaining blood glucose at less than 120 mg/dL reduces incidence of eye disease, kidney disease, and nerve damage
- Diet
- Insulin
- Sulfonylureas and meglitinides
* Stimulate pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin - Thiazolidinediones
* Enhance effects of insulin
* Decrease liver glucose production
