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GNUR 150 Human anatomy > Chapter 1 Human Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Human Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

define physiology

A
  • Physiology is the science of HOW the body works
  • It helps you realize that body functions are
    integrated
  • Physiology is a work-in-progress
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2
Q

what are the 4 different classifications of cell types?

A
  • Neurons
  • Muscle cells
  • Epithelial cells
  • Connective tissue cells
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3
Q

Based primarily on cell function corresponding to four major tissue types

A
  • Nerve tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Epithelium (epithelial tissue)
  • Connective tissue
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4
Q

what is the basic function of nerve cells?

A
  • Transmit signals for communication
  • Have branches to receive or transmit messages
  • Receive information from receptors
  • Transmit information to muscles and other organs
  • Some neurons process information
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5
Q

what are the basic functions of muscle cells?

A
  • Specialized to contract
  • Voluntary or involuntary
  • examples:
    - Flexing of an arm
    - Pumping of blood
    - Mixing of food in the stomach
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6
Q

what are the basic functions of epithelial cells and epithelium?

A
  • Epithelium: sheet-like layer of cells
  • Lines external body surfaces
  • Lines hollow organs or vessels
  • Interior = lumen
  • Functions as a barrier and a transport membrane
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7
Q

what are the basic properties of glands and their functions?

A
  • Formed from epithelium
  • Manufacture a product
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8
Q

what are the two classifications of glands?

A

Exocrine glands
* Examples: sweat, salivary
* Have ducts
Endocrine glands
* Examples: pituitary, adrenal
* No ducts
* Hormone released into blood

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9
Q

what are the basic properties of connective tissue?

A
  • Most diverse of the four tissues
  • Characterized by an extracellular matrix
  • Anchors and links structures of the body
    *Examples: bone, tendons, fat, blood
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10
Q

what are the basic rules of organs?

A

Organs: Composed of at least two tissue types
performing specific functions
* Organ system: Collection of organs performing a
particular task

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11
Q

what is the basic rule of organ systems?

A

Organ system: Collection of organs performing a
particular task

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12
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system?

A
  • provide communication between cells of the body through the release of hormones in the blood stream
  • organs: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, pancreas
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13
Q

what are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • provide communication between cells of the body through electrical signals and the release of neurotransmitters into small gaps between certain cells
  • organs: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
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14
Q

what is the function of the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • support the body, allow voluntary movement of the body, allow facial expressions
  • Organs: skeletal muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments
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15
Q

what is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • transport molecules throughout the body in the bloodstream
  • organs: heart, blood vessels, blood vessels
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16
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • bring 02 into the body and eliminate Co2 from the body
  • organs: lungs, pharynx trachea, bronchi
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17
Q

what are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • filter the blood to regulate acidity, blood volume, and ion concentrations, eliminates waste
  • orangs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
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18
Q

what is the function of the gastrointestinal system?

A
  • break down food and absorb it into the body
  • organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
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19
Q

what are the functions of the reproductive system?

A
  • generate offspring
  • organs: gonads, reproductive tracts and glands
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20
Q

what are the functions of the immune system?

A
  • defend the body against pathogens and abnormal cells
  • organs: white blood cells, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids
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21
Q

what are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • protects the body from the external environment
  • organs: skin
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22
Q

describe the external-internal exchange.

A

external <—> plasma <—> tissue fluid <—> cell
In: Nutrients and oxygen Out: Wastes and unneeded material
- examples: lungs, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys

22
Q

How is fluid divided in the body?

A
  • Body is divided into compartments
  • Compartments contain fluids
  • Compartments are separated by epithelial
    membranes
  • Membranes are semipermeable
  • Transport occurs between compartments
22
Q

what does TBW stand for?

A

total body water

22
Q

what does TBW consist of

A
  • Consists of water and dissolved materials
  • Includes solutions within cells and solutions
    surrounding cells
  • A body fluid and its corresponding compartment
    have the same name
22
Q

what does ICF stand for?

A
  • Intracellular fluid (compartment)
    • fluid inside cells (cytoplasm)
22
Q

what does ECF stand for?

A
  • Extracellular fluid
    - fluid outside cells but within body
    - is the internal environment
22
Q

what is homeostasis?

A
  • Ability to maintain a relatively constant internal
    environment
23
Q

What are some components of the internal environment that are regulated?

A
  • temperature
  • volume
  • composition
24
Q

What does homeostasis require to function?

A
  • Requires organ systems integration
  • Disruption of homeostasis is the basis for disease and death
25
Q

define regulated variable

A
  • That aspect which is maintained
  • Examples: Speed of a car, blood glucose concentration, blood pH, plasma levels of sodium
26
Q

Define negative feedback

A
  • If a regulated variable decreases, the system responds to make it increase, and vice versa
  • Tends to be self-correcting
27
Q

what is a set point related to homeostats

A
  • Expected value of a regulated variable
  • Examples:
    • Core body temperature = 37ºC
    • Blood glucose (sugar) = 100 mg/dL
    • Blood pH = 7.4
28
Q

what is an error signal relating to homeostasis?

A
  • Difference between the value of the set point and the value of the regulated variable
29
Q

what structures enable homeostasis

A
  • Receptors
  • Integrating centers
  • Effectors
  • Signals
30
Q

what do the receptors do relating to homeostasis

A
  • detect stimuli
    • examples:
      • Thermoreceptors
      • Chemoreceptors
      • Baroreceptors
31
Q

what does the interrogating center do?

A
  • orchestrates an appropriate response to stimuli
  • there are many interrogating centers in the brain
32
Q

what are effectors in homeostasis?

A
  • Responsible for body responses
  • Examples:
    * Muscles (smooth, striated, cardiac)
    * Glands
33
Q

what do singles allow for?

A
  • Allow components to communicate
  • Input signal is from a receptor to an integrating center
  • Output signal is from an integrating center to an effector
  • Signals are chemical messages or are sent via neurons
34
Q

clinical connections: heat exhaustion:
What happens to the body’s homeostats during heat exhaustion?

A
  • Heat Exhaustion leads to
  • Massive sweating
  • Reduced blood volume
  • Blood flow to skin
  • Negative feedback
  • Temperature still “normal”
  • Reduced blood pressure
  • Dizziness, fainting
  • Flushed and wet
35
Q

clinical connections: heat exhaustion:
What happens to the body’s homeostats during heat stroke?

A
  • Heat Stroke
  • No sweating
  • Reduced blood volume
  • Blood flow to skin
  • Positive feedback
  • Temperature elevated
  • Reduced blood pressure
  • Delirium
  • Flushed and dry
35
Q

what kind of disease are diabetes mellitus

A
  • metabolic disease
36
Q

with diabetes what levels are effected?

A
  • Blood glucose levels are elevated
  • Urine glucose are elevated
  • Plasma volumes are affecte
37
Q

what are the signs and simples of diabetes?

A
  • excessive thirst
  • massive fluid loss
38
Q

what does organ system does diabetes effect?

A
  • every organ system
39
Q

what is BMI?

A
  • body weight over height
  • used to define obesity
  • overweight BMI (25 - 29)
  • obsess BMI (30-39)
  • morbid obesity over 40
40
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A
  • lack of insulin
  • 5 - 10 % of cases
41
Q

describe diabetes type 2

A

impaired resonse to normal insluin levels

42
Q

what does pre diabetes look like

A
  • Blood glucose 100–125 mg/dL
  • Affects 79 million Americans
  • Most likely to develop DM type 2 in 10 years
43
Q

what is gestational diabetes

A
  • subclass of type 2
  • affects 4% of preggo women
  • May develop type 2 diabetes post pregnancy
44
Q

what is diabetes insipidus?

A
  • Insipid urine
  • Unrelated to DM
  • Affects antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)–aquaporin 2 system
45
Q

What are possible ways of diagnosing diabetes?

A
  • Fasting plasma glucose test
    * 60–100 mg/dL: Normal
    * 100–125 mg/dL: Pre-diabetes
    * >125 mg/dL: Diabetes
  • Oral glucose tolerance test
    * ≤139 mg/dL: Normal
    * 140–199 mg/dL: Pre-diabetes
    * ≥200 mg/dL: Diabetes
  • Hemoglobin A1c
    * Estimates blood glucose for 2–3 months
46
Q

What are some symptoms of diabetes?

A
  • Dehydration
  • Fatigue, lethargy, coma
  • Eyes, kidney microvasculature
  • Heart, stomach
  • Neuropathy
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Atherosclerosis
47
Q

How to treat diabetes

A
  • Maintaining blood glucose at less than 120 mg/dL reduces incidence of eye disease, kidney disease, and nerve damage
  • Diet
  • Insulin
  • Sulfonylureas and meglitinides
    * Stimulate pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin
  • Thiazolidinediones
    * Enhance effects of insulin
    * Decrease liver glucose production

GNUR 150 Human anatomy (14 decks)

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