PSY-204 CHP 7 Flashcards
An increase in height and an increase in ___ are the two most obvious physical changes that occur during early childhood years.
weight
As a preschool child grows older, the increase in the child’s weight and height each year in terms of percentage typically:
decreases
The two most important developmental factors that contribute to the differences in children’s height and weight worldwide are:
Nutrition
Ethnic origin
If a child has a human ___ hormone deficiency, he or she may not grow taller than 5 feet.
growth
By age 6, the brain has reached about Blank______ percent of its adult size.
95
Regarding growth in early childhood, the true statements are:
There is a slow, steady decline in percentage of body fat.
Head size is more in proportion to the rest of the body than it was during infancy.
The most obvious physical change in early childhood is growth in
height & weight
Along with the recommended amount of sleep, the World Health Organization also recommends which of the following sleep habits for 3- to 4-year-old children?
consistent sleep and wake times
Ethnic origin and ___ are the two most important contributors to height.
nutrition
A study of U.S. 2- and 3-year-olds found that ______ were the vegetable they were most likely to consume.
potatoes
Growth hormone deficiency is the absence of the growth hormone produced by the __ gland to stimulate the body to grow.
pituitary
Television watching during mealtimes has a(n) Blank______ effect on a child’s eating habits.
negative
The brain grows Blank______ in early childhood than in infancy.
less rapidly
The determination of whether a child is considered overweight is done through the measurement of
body mass index (bmi)
Examples of gross motor skills acquired in childhood include:
jumping
climbing
running
Which of the following is a consequence/risk of obesity in childhood?
being overweight as an adult
The recommended amount of sleep for 3- to 4-year-old children is Blank______ hours.
10 to 13
Obesity and a low level of physical activity in children have been linked to the following serious health problems:
Hypertension
Type 2 diabetes
A national study found that ______ percent of children’s meals exceed recommendations for saturated and trans fats.
45
Statistics reveal Blank______ is the most common cause of accidental death in young children.
drowning
Guidelines that assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children include:
Preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups.
Modeling healthy eating habits.
Maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine.
The major cognitive theories of development that address the early childhood years include:
Information processing theory
Piaget’s theory
Vygotsky’s theory
A child whose BMI is from the 85th to the 94th percentile is
at risk of becoming overweight.
The second stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the
preoperational stage
The likely outcome for children who are overweight in childhood is:
They are more likely to become overweight or obese adults.
Physicians now see children as young as Blank______ of age with type two diabetes and hypertension.
5 years
The main cause of death among young children is
accidents
According to Piaget’s preoperational stage, a child does not yet perform Blank______, which are defined as reversible mental actions.
operations
The theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing are major theories of Blank______ development in early childhood.
cognitive
Engagement in pretend play and the ability to represent objects that are not present are associated with the symbolic function substage, which is the first substage of the Blank______ stage of cognitive development.
preoperational
The key elements of Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, the preoperational stage, include:
Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs.
Children form stable concepts and begin to reason.
Children are able to use words to describe their world.
A consequence/risk of obesity in childhood is:
being overweight as an adult
Obesity and a low level of physical activity in children have been linked to the following serious health problems:
Type 2 diabetes
Hypertension
A child playing hide-and-seek and thinking he can’t be seen just because he can’t see the person looking for him is an example of the thought limitation of
egocentrism
The stage of Piagetian development that can be divided into the symbolic function substage and intuitive thought substage is called
preoperational thought
During what preoperational thought substage do children seek answers to all sorts of questions?
intuitive thought
According to Piaget, the first substage of preoperational thought is the ___ ___ substage, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.
symbolic function
When preschoolers seem confident in their knowledge and understanding of the world, yet are not aware of how they know this information, Piaget states that they are in the Blank______ substage of preoperational thought.
intuitive
The second stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory of development, which lasts from ages 2 to 7, is called the
preoperational stage
The awareness that an object does not change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is known as
conservation
The likely outcome for children who are overweight in childhood is:
They are more likely to become overweight or obese adults.
According to Piaget’s theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task is a sign that children are in the Blank______ stage of cognitive development.
preoperational
The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective is called
egocentrism
Compared to Piaget’s theory of children’s cognitive development, Vygotsky’s theory views children as social creatures who develop their thinking through social interaction.
true
One of the hallmark aspects of the intuitive thought substage in Piaget’s preoperational stage is
primitive reasoning
According to Lev Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be mastered with guidance is known as the zone of ___ development.
proximal
Around the age of 5, children typically:
develop an interest in the ability to use reason
want to know why things are the way they are
The limitation of preoperational thought of focusing attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called
centration
Ian is able to complete the last few problems of his math homework only with a lot of guidance from his big sister, Briana. Currently, Ian is
at the upper limit of his zone of proximal development.
The failure to conserve demonstrates centration and an inability to mentally ___ actions
reverse
The zone of proximal development is clearly linked to ___, another concept from Vygotsky, which is defined as a changing level of support from a more skilled person like a parent or teacher.
scaffolding
Vygotsky’s theory of child development includes the following premises:
Children actively construct their knowledge and understanding.
Children develop cognitive skills through societal tools.
Children’s cultural environment influences their thinking process.
According to Vygotsky’s theory, children use speech and language directed toward themselves and others for the following reasons:
Social communication
Planning their behaviors
Problem solving
Vygotsky calls the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children the
zone of proximal development.
Vygotsky asserted that language and thought
are initially merged and then differentiate themselves from one another.
When preschoolers seem confident in their knowledge and understanding of the world, yet are not aware of how they know this information, Piaget states that they are in the Blank______ substage of preoperational thought.
intuitive
Vygotsky’s theory stressed the importance of sociocultural influences on children’s development, which fits the belief that it is important to evaluate
contextual factors in learning
The effectiveness of the zone of proximal development is increased by:
Secure attachment
Compliance
Emotional regulation
The effectiveness of the zone of proximal development is increased by which of the following?
Secure attachment
Compliance
Emotional regulation
As Trevor learns about long division, his mother first needs to help him a lot. She gradually decreases the level of support as Trevor’s ability in this area grows.
scaffolding
Critics of Vygotsky’s theory may think that his view of collaboration and guidance has potential pitfalls if facilitators are too helpful or if children become reliant on assistance and fail to develop independence and problem-solving skills on their own. Therefore, the most fitting option is:
It has potential pitfalls if facilitators are too helpful or children are lazy.
Piaget believed that private speech is
egocentric and immature
Vygotsky’s theory maintained that language and thought
develop independently and then merge.
The approach(es) that emphasize(s) the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction is:
social constructivist approach
The focusing of mental resources on select information is called
attention
Executive attention involves:
Planning actions, dealing with new situations, monitoring progress, and compensating for errors.
Criticisms of Vygotsky’s theory include:
not specific about age-related changes
overemphasis on the role of language
According to Vygotsky, in early childhood children use private Blank______ to help solve tasks.
speech
Preschool children tend to compare things in a haphazard way, whereas elementary school age children exhibit ______ by comparing two items systematically, one detail at a time.
planfulness
Vygotsky asserted that language and thought
are initially merged and then differentiate themselves from one another.
The child’s ability to pay attention improves Blank______ during the preschool years.
significantly
The following have been used to improve children’s attention:
Stop-go activities
Eye-contact exercises
Computer exercises
In early childhood, two aspects of attention that develop are:
Sustained attention
Executive attention
Preschool children’s ability to control and sustain attention is
related to school readiness.
Preschool children’s control of attention is deficient. They are likely to pay attention to
salient features rather than relevant features.
One eye-contact exercise involves a teacher sitting in the middle of a circle of preschoolers and having each child catch the teacher’s eye before being permitted to leave the group. This exercise is an example of
improving attention span
___ attention supports the rapid increases in effortful control involving action planning and allocating attention to goals during the toddler and preschool years. An increased appreciation of their surroundings helps children prolong their ___ attention.
executive; sustained
In one study, the ability to focus attention better at age 5 was linked to Blank______ at age 9.
a higher level of school achievement
The retention of information over time is defined as ___
memory
Memory span changes as children age due to the following reasons:
The efficiency with which children process information improves.
The speed with which memory items can be identified increases.
Older children are more likely to rehearse information.
Which of the following is most likely to consider the speed with which a child can undertake cognitive tasks?
information-processing perspective
The ability of a young child to remember their name and address is an example of Blank______, the retention of information over time.
memory
The limited-capacity memory in which information is usually retained for up to 30 seconds if there is no rehearsal of the information is called
short-term memory
Which age group is the most susceptible to suggestion?
preschoolers
A researcher who reads off a short list of numbers at a rapid pace and then asks a participant to repeat the numbers is most likely studying
short term memory
Managing one’s thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control is a matter of Blank______ functioning.
executive
Select all that apply
Increases in which of the following are reasons that memory span changes with age?
Processing speed
Rehearsal of information
Which of the following has been linked to young children’s processing speed?
myelination in certain brain areas
According to research, the following have been positively associated with the development of executive function in children:
Fathers’ autonomy support
Secure attachment
Parental education
Which of the following refers to a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time?
long term memory
The theory that views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others is
theory of mind
Factors that influence the accuracy of a young child’s memory include:
Interviewing techniques that produce substantial distortions
Age differences in susceptibility to suggestion
Individual differences in susceptibility
The following statements accurately describe the development of children’s theory of mind from toddlerhood into early childhood:
Children begin to understand that what others see may not be the same as what they see.
Children begin to recognize and acknowledge that their desires can differ from another child’s desires.
Children begin to recognize and verbalize positive and negative emotions.
Executive function involves managing one’s thoughts for the purpose of:
Exercising self-control
Engaging in goal-directed behavior
True or false: There is a developmental transition from early childhood into school age in which children recognize that they can verbalize their preferences and that those preferences may be different from others’.
false
In early childhood, ___ functioning involves developmental advances in cognitive flexibility, goal-setting, and cognitive inhibition. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)
executive
The following occurred during the classic false-belief task with the Band-Aids box and contents:
When asking 5-year-olds what they thought a fellow 5-year-old would say was in the box, the 5-year-olds responded, “Band-Aids.”
When asking 3-year-olds what they thought another 3-year-old would say was in the box, the 3-year-olds responded, “Pencils.”
The 5-year-olds were able to recognize that another child who had not seen the box before would have a false belief about its contents.
Executive function is uninfluenced by social or environmental factors.
false
When thinking about thinking, a 3–5-year-old often
fails to recognize that people’s behavior may not reflect their thoughts.
The following best characterizes theory of mind:
Thoughts about how one’s own mental processes work and the mental processes of others
Children who perform better at executive function tasks tend to also have a better understanding of theory of mind.
true
The three mental states children begin to understand from 18 months to 3 years of age are:
Emotions
Desires
Perceptions
Children with an advanced theory of mind
have better social skills in peer relations.
Jake went to the store and selected a new truck as a gift to his Mom for her birthday. Jake’s older brother explained that their Mom does not like trucks like he does and instructed him to select a piece of jewelry. Jake’s older brother is demonstrating an understanding of which of the following mental states?
desires
The awareness that people can have false beliefs (beliefs that are not true) develops in a majority of children by
age 5
At around approximately Blank______ years of age, children develop a deepening appreciation of the mind itself rather than just an understanding of mental states.
5 to 7
The individual differences that affect theory of mind development in children include:
Language development
Executive function
With regard to young children who are learning English as their first language, all children will:
Learn the prepositions “on” and “in” before other prepositions.
The factors that influence children’s theory of mind development include:
Engagement in pretend play
Secure attachment to parents
The use of plural and possessive forms of nouns, prepositions, and the various forms of the verb to be demonstrates a child’s understanding of
morphology rules
True or false: There is a developmental transition from early childhood into school age in which children recognize that they can verbalize their preferences and that those preferences may be different from others’.
false
The statements that are true about fast mapping are:
It explains children’s ability to quickly learn the connection between a word and its referent
.
It allows children to learn word meanings in a deeper sense.
Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to an increased understanding of
pragmatics
Children begin the transition from saying simple to more complex sentences
2 to 3
Which of the following activities is LEAST likely to aid in the development of preschoolers’ literacy skills?
watching TV
Suja said, “mama my foots hurt.” Suja’s use of “foots” is an example of
morphological rules
Child ___ kindergartens focus on educating the whole child by focusing on his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional needs.
centered
___ mapping is when children have the ability to make an initial connection between a word and its referent after limited exposure.
fast
Project Head Start is the largest federally funded program for children in the United States.
true
The following statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood:
Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting.
Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations.
Young children are able to present competent narratives.
Two controversies in early childhood education involve what the curriculum should be and whether preschool education should be ___ in the United States.
universal
Researchers suggest that instruction to enhance U.S. children’s ability to read and write should be built on skills that the children already know.
true
Select all that apply
Which of the following statements best describe child-centered kindergartens?
Child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned.
Child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth.
Child-centered kindergartens emphasize play.
True or false: There is a developmental transition from early childhood into school age in which children recognize that they can verbalize their preferences and that those preferences may be different from others’.
true
Project ___ is a U.S. government-funded program that provides education for low-income children to acquire the necessary skills for success in school.
head start
The current controversies regarding early childhood programs include:
what the preschool curriculum should be
whether preschool programs should be universal in the United States
