PSY-203 CHP 3 Flashcards
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When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female’s fallopian tube, what occurs?
conception
Typical prenatal development lasts how many weeks?
38 to 40 weeks
The fertilized egg is called the
zygote
The specialization of cells, also known as cell ______, begins one week after conception.
differentiation
Mitosis is cell reproduction by division. Differentiation is the specialization of cells.
The period during which the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for cells form, and organs appear
embryonic period
Conception occurs when a single sperm cell from a male unites with an ovum in a process called
fertilization
The middle layer of the embryo, which later becomes the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the
mesoderm
Prenatal development begins with ______ and ends with ______.
fertilization; birth
The umbilical cord connects the baby to the ___ a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.
placenta
The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the
germinal period
Among the options provided, the substances that can cross the placenta between the mother and the embryo or fetus are: (select all)
Cortisol
Oxygen
The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as
implantation
The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development is referred to as
organogenesis
The embryonic period occurs from ___ weeks to eight weeks after conception.
2 to 8 weeks
Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells become known as a(n)
embryo
The prenatal period that lasts about seven months in typical pregnancies, beginning two months after conception, is the ___ period.
fetal
The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein, and it connects the baby to the
placenta
The face, forehead, eyelids, nose, and chin become distinguishable around ___months after conception.
3 months
Virtually any drug or chemical substance a pregnant woman ingests can cross the placenta to some degree, unless it is metabolized or altered during passage, or is too large. (t/f)
true
Unless it is metabolized or is too large, virtually any drug or chemical substance a pregnant woman ingests can cross the placenta.
Regarding the periods of prenatal development, which of the following statements is true?
The germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods all begin during the first trimester.
The germinal period is only the first two weeks, while the first trimester is the first three months.
Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period?
organs begin to appear
support systems for cells begin to form
Which prenatal period lasts about seven months?
fetal
During prenatal development, what type of cells move to specific locations in the brain and start to become connected?
neurons
Approximately how many months after conception is the fetus about three inches long, actively moving its arms and legs and head, and exhibiting a distinguishable face, forehead, eyelid, nose, and chin? (At this stage, however, the mother cannot yet feel the arms and legs moving.)
3 months
Prenatal development is sometimes described in terms of equal three-month periods called ___
trimesters
The ______ tube is the beginning of the formation of the nervous system.
neural
The period during which the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear is the
embryonic period
The birth defects related to the failure of the neural tube to close are:
Spina bifida
Anencephaly
Babies have as many as __ neurons when they are born.
100 billion
Teratology is the field of study that investigates
causes birth defects
It becomes possible for the fetus to survive outside the womb as early as the ______ month of pregnancy.
sixth month
The severity and type of damage to an embryo is influenced by the dose, genetic susceptibility and Blank______ of exposure to a teratogen.
timing
Exposure to teratogens will lead to different levels of impact depending on WHEN that exposure occurred.
In the trimester view of prenatal development, both the germinal and embryonic periods of development occur during the
first trimester
The probability of a structural defect as the result of exposure to a teratogen is greatest during the early Blank______ period, when organs are being formed.
embryonic
The neural tube develops out of the embryo’s
ectoderm
Prescription drugs that can function as teratogens include:
antibiotics
acne medications
some antidepressants
synthetic estrogen
When the highest regions of the brain fail to develop due to the lack of closure of the neural tube, Blank______ may develop resulting in infant death.
anencephaly
Which of the following are psychoactive drugs?
Caffeine
Alcohol
Nicotine
Marijuana
Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n)
teratogen.
Outcomes associated with maternal use of caffeine during pregnancy include:
Babies born small for gestational age
Low birth weight
For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by:
Time of exposure
Genetic susceptibility
The dosage
The cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is referred to as:
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
The term that refers to a fixed time period very early in development during which certain experiences or events can have long-lasting effects on development is:
critical period
According to the U.S. surgeon general:
no alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.
Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) ___ to the unborn fetus.
teratogen
The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is:
psychoactive drugs
Smoking e-cigarettes during pregnancy will not affect a developing fetus.(t/f)
false
Heavy amounts of caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with low birthweight. (t/f)
true
Interpreting the effect of maternal cocaine use on infants is:
complicated because there are often other factors in the mothers’ lives that can contribute to the problems found in their children.
FASD (Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders) may occur in offspring whose mothers:
drank alcohol
Research reviews have concluded that marijuana use during pregnancy:
alters brain functioning in the fetus.
Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy can cause negative effects on the fetus. (t/f)
true
Infants born to women using heroin are at risk of experiencing withdrawal symptoms. (t/f)
true
Possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking on a developing fetus include:
respiratory problems
sudden infant death syndrome
low birth weight
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to:
Impaired language development
Impaired motor development
Cognitive deficits
The use of opiate-related pain relievers or synthetic opioids during pregnancy is:
not recommended
Recent studies found that prenatal marijuana exposure was related to lower birth weight and:
lower intelligence
Specific hazards to the embryo or fetus include:
Radiation
Toxic waste
Chemical pollutants
The substance most likely used by a mother whose newborn exhibits withdrawal symptoms like tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, and impaired motor control is:
heroin
The following can produce defects in offspring or cause damage during birth:
Genital herpes
Syphilis
Rubella
Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) ___ to the unborn fetus.
teratogen
Infants born to women using synthetic opioids or opiate-related pain relievers are at risk for experiencing opioid withdrawal. (t/f)
true
Characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood, maternal Blank______ increases the risk of physical defects in offspring.
diabetes
When a woman is or might be pregnant:
she should weigh the risks of undergoing an X-ray.
Women who plan to have children should be given a blood test before they become pregnant to determine whether they are immune to:
rubella
Strategies for minimizing the impact of maternal obesity on a pregnancy include:
increased exercise prior to pregnancy
weight loss prior to pregnancy
limiting gestational weight gain
HIV can be transmitted through breast feeding (t/f)
true
In general, prenatal care involves:
Screening for manageable conditions
Testing for treatable diseases
defined schedule of visits for medical care
A baby born to an HIV-infected mother:
may be infected at birth but not develop symptoms until 15 months of age.
The three stages of birth are not of equal length; the first stage is generally:
longer
Infants whose mothers have gestational diabetes:
They often have a very high birth weight.
They are at a higher risk of developing diabetes
During the Blank______ stage of birth, the mother bears down hard to push the baby out of her body; this stage typically lasts about an hour.
second stage
In the third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. This stage of birth is called the:
afterbirth
All of the following nutritional factors influence whether or not a baby will be born malformed, except:
intake of spicy foods
Prenatal care often includes the following components:
nutritional services
social services
comprehensive educational services
The true statements about the first stage of birth are
Contractions become more frequent and intense.
The cervix dilates to approximately 10 cm.
In the United States, it is customary for a baby’s father to:
be with the mother throughout labor and delivery.
The following is true of the second stage of birth:
The baby’s head moves through the birth canal.
Most countries in the world practice infant delivery with a Blank______, such as 40 percent of births in Holland today.
midwife
The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled during the
3rd stage of birth
A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth is known as a:
doula
Complications associated with maternal obesity during pregnancy include:
Hypertension
Diabetes
Depression
Barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics are examples of Blank______ used to relieve pain during labor.
analgesics
In general, prenatal care involves:
Screening for manageable conditions
Testing for treatable diseases
A defined schedule of visits for medical care
The natural childbirth method attempts to reduce the mother’s pain in the following ways:
With relaxation techniques
Through education
Through breathing methods
In the United States today, about nine percent of births include the attendance of a midwife, which represents a:
substantial increase
Breech births can cause Blank______ in babies.
resipratory problems
The true statements about a doula are:
A doula provides continuous support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth.
A doula is a caregiver.
The benefits of the Apgar Scale include:
It is good at assessing the newborn’s ability to respond to the stress of delivery and its new environment.
It identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation.
Which of the following is not one of the three related conditions that pose threats to many newborns?
having a high Apgar score
One type of ___ childbirth is the Bradley Method, which involves husbands as coaches, relaxation for easier birth, and prenatal nutrition and exercise.
natural
Low birth weight infants weigh less than:
5 lbs; 8 oz
The term that best describes infants that are born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term is:
preterm
If the baby is in a breech position, the doctor will often:
perform a cesarean delivery.
The term that best describes infants whose birth weight is below normal, compared to what would be expected given their gestational age is:
small for date
The Apgar Scale should be used to assess the health of newborns at:
1 to 5 mins after birth
Since the 1980s, the percentage of U.S. infants who are born preterm has:
significantly increased
The related conditions that pose threats to many newborns include:
Preterm birth
Being small for date
Low birth weight
Jemma, weighing 4 pounds at birth, would be considered a(n):
low birth rate infant
Amy is a sixteen-year-old expecting mother. Amy lives at poverty level with her family, nutrition is poor and she has admitted to using drugs during her pregnancy. Amy is at risk of delivering a ___ birth weight baby.
low birth weight
Infants born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term are called
preterm infants
Children who are born preterm have higher rates of:
ADHD
Intellectual disability
Language disorder
Infants who weigh less than 90 percent of all babies of the same gestational age are called small for date infants.
true
Currently, in the United States, preterm birth is characterized by:
ethnic variations
The synthetic hormone progestin has been found to be helpful for:
reducing odds of preterm birth
______ helps preterm infants stabilize their breathing, temperature, and heartbeat through close physical contact.
kangaroo care
The risk factors for low birth weight include:
Poor nutrition
Drug usage
A very young mother
The Blank______ period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother’s body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state (in about six weeks).
postpartum
Approximately what percent of all low birth weight children are enrolled in special education programs?
50%
The physical adjustments that occur during the postpartum period include:
A steep rise in dopamine production.
About 70 percent of new mothers in the United States experience Blank______, in which they begin to feel depressed, anxious, and upset a few days after birth.
postpartum blues
The biggest benefit of using kangaroo care with preterm infants is:
It can help stabilize their heartbeat, temperature, and breathing.
How long does the postpartum period last?
6 weeks
Loss of sleep during the postpartum period has been shown to affect:
marital conflict
decision making
stress levels
The postpartum blues is when a new mother begins to feel depressed, anxious, and upset Blank______ after birth.
2 to 3 days
The formation of a connection, especially a physical one, between parent and infant shortly after birth is known as
bonding
