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PSYCHE 203 > PSY-203 CHP 3 > Flashcards

PSY-203 CHP 3 Flashcards

1
Q

User
When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female’s fallopian tube, what occurs?

A

conception

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2
Q

Typical prenatal development lasts how many weeks?

A

38 to 40 weeks

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3
Q

The fertilized egg is called the

A

zygote

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4
Q

The specialization of cells, also known as cell ______, begins one week after conception.

A

differentiation

Mitosis is cell reproduction by division. Differentiation is the specialization of cells.

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5
Q

The period during which the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for cells form, and organs appear

A

embryonic period

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6
Q

Conception occurs when a single sperm cell from a male unites with an ovum in a process called

A

fertilization

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7
Q

The middle layer of the embryo, which later becomes the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the

A

mesoderm

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8
Q

Prenatal development begins with ______ and ends with ______.

A

fertilization; birth

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9
Q

The umbilical cord connects the baby to the ___ a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.

A

placenta

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10
Q

The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the

A

germinal period

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11
Q

Among the options provided, the substances that can cross the placenta between the mother and the embryo or fetus are: (select all)

A

Cortisol
Oxygen

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12
Q

The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as

A

implantation

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13
Q

The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development is referred to as

A

organogenesis

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14
Q

The embryonic period occurs from ___ weeks to eight weeks after conception.

A

2 to 8 weeks

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15
Q

Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells become known as a(n)

A

embryo

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16
Q

The prenatal period that lasts about seven months in typical pregnancies, beginning two months after conception, is the ___ period.

A

fetal

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17
Q

The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein, and it connects the baby to the

A

placenta

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18
Q

The face, forehead, eyelids, nose, and chin become distinguishable around ___months after conception.

A

3 months

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19
Q

Virtually any drug or chemical substance a pregnant woman ingests can cross the placenta to some degree, unless it is metabolized or altered during passage, or is too large. (t/f)

A

true

Unless it is metabolized or is too large, virtually any drug or chemical substance a pregnant woman ingests can cross the placenta.

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20
Q

Regarding the periods of prenatal development, which of the following statements is true?

A

The germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods all begin during the first trimester.

The germinal period is only the first two weeks, while the first trimester is the first three months.

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21
Q

Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period?

A

organs begin to appear

support systems for cells begin to form

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22
Q

Which prenatal period lasts about seven months?

A

fetal

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23
Q

During prenatal development, what type of cells move to specific locations in the brain and start to become connected?

A

neurons

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24
Q

Approximately how many months after conception is the fetus about three inches long, actively moving its arms and legs and head, and exhibiting a distinguishable face, forehead, eyelid, nose, and chin? (At this stage, however, the mother cannot yet feel the arms and legs moving.)

A

3 months

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25
Q

Prenatal development is sometimes described in terms of equal three-month periods called ___

A

trimesters

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26
Q

The ______ tube is the beginning of the formation of the nervous system.

A

neural

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27
Q

The period during which the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear is the

A

embryonic period

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28
Q

The birth defects related to the failure of the neural tube to close are:

A

Spina bifida
Anencephaly

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29
Q

Babies have as many as __ neurons when they are born.

A

100 billion

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30
Q

Teratology is the field of study that investigates

A

causes birth defects

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31
Q

It becomes possible for the fetus to survive outside the womb as early as the ______ month of pregnancy.

A

sixth month

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32
Q

The severity and type of damage to an embryo is influenced by the dose, genetic susceptibility and Blank______ of exposure to a teratogen.

A

timing

Exposure to teratogens will lead to different levels of impact depending on WHEN that exposure occurred.

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33
Q

In the trimester view of prenatal development, both the germinal and embryonic periods of development occur during the

A

first trimester

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34
Q

The probability of a structural defect as the result of exposure to a teratogen is greatest during the early Blank______ period, when organs are being formed.

A

embryonic

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35
Q

The neural tube develops out of the embryo’s

A

ectoderm

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36
Q

Prescription drugs that can function as teratogens include:

A

antibiotics

acne medications

some antidepressants

synthetic estrogen

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37
Q

When the highest regions of the brain fail to develop due to the lack of closure of the neural tube, Blank______ may develop resulting in infant death.

A

anencephaly

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38
Q

Which of the following are psychoactive drugs?

A

Caffeine
Alcohol
Nicotine
Marijuana

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39
Q

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n)

A

teratogen.

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40
Q

Outcomes associated with maternal use of caffeine during pregnancy include:

A

Babies born small for gestational age
Low birth weight

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41
Q

For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by:

A

Time of exposure
Genetic susceptibility
The dosage

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42
Q

The cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is referred to as:

A

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

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43
Q

The term that refers to a fixed time period very early in development during which certain experiences or events can have long-lasting effects on development is:

A

critical period

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44
Q

According to the U.S. surgeon general:

A

no alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.

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45
Q

Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) ___ to the unborn fetus.

A

teratogen

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46
Q

The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is:

A

psychoactive drugs

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47
Q

Smoking e-cigarettes during pregnancy will not affect a developing fetus.(t/f)

A

false

48
Q

Heavy amounts of caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with low birthweight. (t/f)

A

true

49
Q

Interpreting the effect of maternal cocaine use on infants is:

A

complicated because there are often other factors in the mothers’ lives that can contribute to the problems found in their children.

50
Q

FASD (Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders) may occur in offspring whose mothers:

A

drank alcohol

51
Q

Research reviews have concluded that marijuana use during pregnancy:

A

alters brain functioning in the fetus.

52
Q

Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy can cause negative effects on the fetus. (t/f)

A

true

53
Q

Infants born to women using heroin are at risk of experiencing withdrawal symptoms. (t/f)

A

true

54
Q

Possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking on a developing fetus include:

A

respiratory problems

sudden infant death syndrome

low birth weight

55
Q

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to:

A

Impaired language development
Impaired motor development
Cognitive deficits

56
Q

The use of opiate-related pain relievers or synthetic opioids during pregnancy is:

A

not recommended

57
Q

Recent studies found that prenatal marijuana exposure was related to lower birth weight and:

A

lower intelligence

58
Q

Specific hazards to the embryo or fetus include:

A

Radiation
Toxic waste
Chemical pollutants

59
Q

The substance most likely used by a mother whose newborn exhibits withdrawal symptoms like tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, and impaired motor control is:

A

heroin

60
Q

The following can produce defects in offspring or cause damage during birth:

A

Genital herpes
Syphilis
Rubella

61
Q

Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) ___ to the unborn fetus.

A

teratogen

62
Q

Infants born to women using synthetic opioids or opiate-related pain relievers are at risk for experiencing opioid withdrawal. (t/f)

A

true

63
Q

Characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood, maternal Blank______ increases the risk of physical defects in offspring.

A

diabetes

64
Q

When a woman is or might be pregnant:

A

she should weigh the risks of undergoing an X-ray.

65
Q

Women who plan to have children should be given a blood test before they become pregnant to determine whether they are immune to:

A

rubella

66
Q

Strategies for minimizing the impact of maternal obesity on a pregnancy include:

A

increased exercise prior to pregnancy

weight loss prior to pregnancy

limiting gestational weight gain

67
Q

HIV can be transmitted through breast feeding (t/f)

A

true

68
Q

In general, prenatal care involves:

A

Screening for manageable conditions

Testing for treatable diseases

defined schedule of visits for medical care

69
Q

A baby born to an HIV-infected mother:

A

may be infected at birth but not develop symptoms until 15 months of age.

70
Q

The three stages of birth are not of equal length; the first stage is generally:

A

longer

71
Q

Infants whose mothers have gestational diabetes:

A

They often have a very high birth weight.

They are at a higher risk of developing diabetes

72
Q

During the Blank______ stage of birth, the mother bears down hard to push the baby out of her body; this stage typically lasts about an hour.

A

second stage

73
Q

In the third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. This stage of birth is called the:

A

afterbirth

74
Q

All of the following nutritional factors influence whether or not a baby will be born malformed, except:

A

intake of spicy foods

75
Q

Prenatal care often includes the following components:

A

nutritional services

social services

comprehensive educational services

76
Q

The true statements about the first stage of birth are

A

Contractions become more frequent and intense.

The cervix dilates to approximately 10 cm.

77
Q

In the United States, it is customary for a baby’s father to:

A

be with the mother throughout labor and delivery.

78
Q

The following is true of the second stage of birth:

A

The baby’s head moves through the birth canal.

79
Q

Most countries in the world practice infant delivery with a Blank______, such as 40 percent of births in Holland today.

A

midwife

80
Q

The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled during the

A

3rd stage of birth

81
Q

A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth is known as a:

A

doula

82
Q

Complications associated with maternal obesity during pregnancy include:

A

Hypertension
Diabetes
Depression

83
Q

Barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics are examples of Blank______ used to relieve pain during labor.

A

analgesics

84
Q

In general, prenatal care involves:

A

Screening for manageable conditions

Testing for treatable diseases

A defined schedule of visits for medical care

85
Q

The natural childbirth method attempts to reduce the mother’s pain in the following ways:

A

With relaxation techniques
Through education
Through breathing methods

86
Q

In the United States today, about nine percent of births include the attendance of a midwife, which represents a:

A

substantial increase

87
Q

Breech births can cause Blank______ in babies.

A

resipratory problems

88
Q

The true statements about a doula are:

A

A doula provides continuous support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth.

A doula is a caregiver.

89
Q

The benefits of the Apgar Scale include:

A

It is good at assessing the newborn’s ability to respond to the stress of delivery and its new environment.

It identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation.

90
Q

Which of the following is not one of the three related conditions that pose threats to many newborns?

A

having a high Apgar score

91
Q

One type of ___ childbirth is the Bradley Method, which involves husbands as coaches, relaxation for easier birth, and prenatal nutrition and exercise.

A

natural

92
Q

Low birth weight infants weigh less than:

A

5 lbs; 8 oz

93
Q

The term that best describes infants that are born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term is:

A

preterm

94
Q

If the baby is in a breech position, the doctor will often:

A

perform a cesarean delivery.

95
Q

The term that best describes infants whose birth weight is below normal, compared to what would be expected given their gestational age is:

A

small for date

96
Q

The Apgar Scale should be used to assess the health of newborns at:

A

1 to 5 mins after birth

97
Q

Since the 1980s, the percentage of U.S. infants who are born preterm has:

A

significantly increased

98
Q

The related conditions that pose threats to many newborns include:

A

Preterm birth
Being small for date
Low birth weight

99
Q

Jemma, weighing 4 pounds at birth, would be considered a(n):

A

low birth rate infant

100
Q

Amy is a sixteen-year-old expecting mother. Amy lives at poverty level with her family, nutrition is poor and she has admitted to using drugs during her pregnancy. Amy is at risk of delivering a ___ birth weight baby.

A

low birth weight

101
Q

Infants born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term are called

A

preterm infants

102
Q

Children who are born preterm have higher rates of:

A

ADHD
Intellectual disability
Language disorder

103
Q

Infants who weigh less than 90 percent of all babies of the same gestational age are called small for date infants.

A

true

104
Q

Currently, in the United States, preterm birth is characterized by:

A

ethnic variations

105
Q

The synthetic hormone progestin has been found to be helpful for:

A

reducing odds of preterm birth

106
Q

______ helps preterm infants stabilize their breathing, temperature, and heartbeat through close physical contact.

A

kangaroo care

107
Q

The risk factors for low birth weight include:

A

Poor nutrition
Drug usage
A very young mother

108
Q

The Blank______ period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother’s body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state (in about six weeks).

A

postpartum

109
Q

Approximately what percent of all low birth weight children are enrolled in special education programs?

A

50%

110
Q

The physical adjustments that occur during the postpartum period include:

A

A steep rise in dopamine production.

111
Q

About 70 percent of new mothers in the United States experience Blank______, in which they begin to feel depressed, anxious, and upset a few days after birth.

A

postpartum blues

112
Q

The biggest benefit of using kangaroo care with preterm infants is:

A

It can help stabilize their heartbeat, temperature, and breathing.

113
Q

How long does the postpartum period last?

A

6 weeks

114
Q

Loss of sleep during the postpartum period has been shown to affect:

A

marital conflict

decision making

stress levels

115
Q

The postpartum blues is when a new mother begins to feel depressed, anxious, and upset Blank______ after birth.

A

2 to 3 days

116
Q

The formation of a connection, especially a physical one, between parent and infant shortly after birth is known as

A

bonding

117
Q
A

PSYCHE 203 (17 decks)

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