PSY 203 - CHP 8 Flashcards by Marte Manigault

______ refers to the characteristics of people as males and females.

gender

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Who do young children identify with most during the initiative-versus-guilt stage?

parents

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After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 15 to 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?

self-concious

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What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?

moral

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The ability to discern another’s inner psychological state is referred to as

perspective taking

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Select all that apply

Which of the following statements about gender are true? (More than one option may be correct.)

Gender is one of the most important influences on our identity and relationships.

Gender refers to the characteristics of being a male or a female.

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Heteronomous moralists judge the righteousness or goodness of behavior by

considering its consequences

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According to Erikson, as a young child’s conscience governs initiative, feelings of guilt negatively impact

self-esteem

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Select all that apply

A person’s conscience involves an integration of which of the following?

moral thought
moral behavior
moral feeling

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Around what age do most children develop self-conscious emotions?

15 to 18 months

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Gender ______ involves a sense of one’s own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.

identity

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___ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.

moral

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A gender ___ is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.

role

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______ involves responding to another person’s feelings with an emotion that echoes the other’s feelings.

empathy

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______ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

gender typing

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Heteronomous thinkers believe that rules are

unchangeable

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The qualities that researchers have used to evaluate children’s development of conscience include:

whether a child experiences guilt

whether a child has awareness of right and wrong

whether a child experiences discomfort after a transgression

whether a child is sensitive to rule violations

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Biology does influence gender development. Biological factors such as hormones and genetics play a role in shaping an individual’s gender identity and expression.

true

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By what age do most children acquire a sense of whether they are a girl or a boy?

2 1/2

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The typical chromosomal pair for a male is:

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Which of the following provides males and females with a framework of how they should think, act, and feel?

gender roles

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The three proposed social theories of gender are:

social role theory

social cognitive theory

psychoanalytic theory

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Naamah belongs to a traditional family that believes women should work as caretakers in the home and men should work as providers outside the home. This is an example of

gender typing

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According to social role theory, gender differences result from the blanks roles of women and men.

contrasting

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Heteronomous moralists judge the righteousness or goodness of behavior by:

considering the consequences

Among the possible biological influences in gender development are:

Chromosomes Hormones Evolution

The psychoanalytic theory proposes that gender typing occurs

unconciously

Observation, imitation, and rewards and punishment are facets of which gender theory?

social cognitive

Which of the following is not one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences?

social biological theory

According to social role theory, the important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing are:

Division of labor Social hierarchy

The developmental theory that states that gender typing happens when children understand what their culture considers appropriate and inappropriate behavior for each gender is:

gender schema theory

Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will inevitably follow. This represents a belief in

immanent justice.

Baumrind argued that parents should not:

Be aloof Be punitive

Freud believed preschool children developed a Blank______ the opposite-sex parent.

sexual attraction to

According to Baumrind, the type of parents who place firm limits and controls on their child, allow little verbal exchange, and might show rage toward their child are:

authoritarian

Which of the following is not an example of a social cognitive influence on gender development?

the level of sex hormones in a child's body

Baumrind describes children raised by Blank______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.

authoritarian

The three proposed social theories of gender are:

social role theory social cognitive theory psychoanalytic theory

Gender typing is fueled by gender schemas.

true

What parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions?

authoritative parenting

Diana Baumrind has described Blank______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.

four types

Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display:

cheerfulness and self-control friendliness with peers self-reliance and achievement orientation

Authoritarian parenting lacks which of the following?

dialogue between parent and child

According to Baumrind, the ___ style of parenting characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life is:

neglectful

The likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents include:

unhappiness and fear weak communication skills failure to initiate activity anxiety about comparing themselves with others

Which of the following is not one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences?

social biological theory

The characteristics of children whose parents are neglectful include:

Immaturity Low self-esteem Inability to handle independence Social incompetence

The characteristic that most characterizes authoritative parenting is:

verbal give-and-take

According to Baumrind, the ___ parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.

indulgent

According to Baumrind, children whose parents are ____ are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, and achievement oriented.

authoritative

The characteristic that is not typically associated with children raised by indulgent parents is:

fear and low self-esteem

According to Baumrind, Yvonne and Gregory's parenting style would be classified as:

neglectful

The parenting style associated with the best outcomes in children's social competence is:

authoritative

Baumrind describes children raised by Blank______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.

authoritarian

Ruth Chao suggests that the method of control Asian American parents exert over their children is best conceptualized as a type of:

training

The support that parents provide one another in raising a child together is referred to as:

coparenting

According to Baumrind, parents who are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child are classified as:

indulgent

Using the term child maltreatment in place of child abuse acknowledges the fact that maltreatment includes:

diverse conditions

Children of indulgent parents often:

have difficulty controlling their own behavior.

Counter to Baumrind's theories, the Blank______ parenting approach has shown positive outcomes for some ethnic groups.

authoritative

A recent study revealed that coparenting influenced young children's effortful control above and beyond maternal and paternal parenting alone.

true

The term that developmentalists increasingly use to refer to both child abuse and neglect and the diverse conditions under which they occur is:

maltreatment

Baumrind's four styles of parenting balance the following dimensions:

Control Responsiveness

With few exceptions, Blank______ parenting has been associated with child competence in research across a wide range of ethnic groups, social strata, cultures, and family structures.

authoritative

Which type of child maltreatment is characterized by the infliction of physical injury as result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking, or otherwise harming a child?

physical abuse

Using the term child maltreatment in place of child abuse acknowledges the fact that maltreatment includes

diverse conditions

The characteristic that is not typically associated with children raised by indulgent parents is:

fear and low self-esteem

Child ___ abuse includes the fondling of a child's genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or production of pornographic materials.

sexual

In all types of child maltreatment, which of the following is almost always present?

maltreatment

On average, siblings between the ages of 2 and 4 have a conflict once every:

10 mins

What is the most frequent parental reaction to sibling conflict between the ages of 2 and 5?

doing nothing at all

The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of:

acceptance; demand and responsiveness; control

The important characteristics of sibling relationships include:

emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy, variation

The type of child maltreatment that involves fondling a child’s genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials is:

sexual abuse

With the rate of employment for mothers on the rise in the United States, statistics show that one of every:

four mothers with children under the age of two is in the labor force.

Direct emotional abuse includes:

mental injury psychological abuse verbal abuse

Sibling conflicts tend to decrease in frequency between the ages of:

5 to 7 years of age

Common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation can include:

admonishing or threatening intervening and helping resolve doing nothing

Children who exhibit the poorest adjustment to parental divorce are those who have been involved in:

multiple parental divorces

The characteristic that is not typically associated with sibling relationships is:

stability

Research suggests that children of working mothers actually tend to hold more egalitarian views and engage in less gender stereotyping compared to children of mothers who stay at home.

false

Research has shown that some children from divorced families are more likely to experience:

Anxiety Academic problems Drug issues Depression

The theory that states that children appraise marital conflict in terms of their sense of security and safety in the family is:

emotion security theory

Key elements important to improving the adjustment of children of divorce include:

The use of the authoritative parenting style A harmonious relationship between the divorced parents

Direct emotional abuse includes:

Verbal abuse Psychological abuse Mental injury

Negative consequences of divorce are more likely to occur in which of the following?

Children who are not socially mature Children who do not have an easy temperament

The true statement about the problems seen in children from divorced homes is:

Their problems may be the result of the marital conflict that led to the divorce.

Custodial mothers experience the loss of about:

25 to 50 percent of their predivorce income.

The characteristic that is not typically associated with sibling relationships is:

variation

The mother's involvement with children drops off more than the father's involvement following a divorce.

false

Children raised by gay or lesbian parents or couples are:

no more likely

The factor that does not help children adjust better to divorce is:

a difficult temperament.

According to research by Hetherington and Stanley-Hagen (2002), possible reasons that parents should stay in unhappy, conflicted marriages include:

if conflict between the couple would increase after the divorce if conflict among family members would increase after the divorce if parenting would become more inept after the divorce

The cultural trends affecting families include:

Greater family mobility Fewer extended-family households Migration to urban areas

Recent research has shown that gender differences have a:

less; less

Divorce can be advantageous when the stresses and disruptions in family relationships can be reduced as a result of the move to a divorced, single-parent family.

true

African Americans and Latinos interact:

The characteristic that is not typically associated with sibling relationships is:

stability

The following have resulted from the trend toward smaller families and fewer extended family living situations:

There are fewer resources available to children. There is more openness and communication between parents and children.

As compared to non-immigrant adolescents, adolescents from immigrant families:

assume higher levels of responsibility.

The factor that does not typically help children adjust better to divorce is:

difficult temperament

Two friends who are about the same age and maturity level are typically considered:

peers

Compared to non-Latino white Americans, the following ethnic groups have higher rates of single-parent families:

Latino Americans African Americans

Important functions of peer relationships include:

to provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family

___ therapy allows children to work off frustrations, analyze conflicts, and learn how to cope better.

play

Which of the following is true about ethnic minority adolescents in the United States?

They handle their challenges and stresses far better than was previously thought.