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PSYCHE 203 > PSY 203 - CHP 8 > Flashcards

PSY 203 - CHP 8 Flashcards

1
Q

______ refers to the characteristics of people as males and females.

A

gender

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2
Q

Who do young children identify with most during the initiative-versus-guilt stage?

A

parents

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3
Q

After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 15 to 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?

A

self-concious

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4
Q

What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?

A

moral

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5
Q

The ability to discern another’s inner psychological state is referred to as

A

perspective taking

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6
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following statements about gender are true? (More than one option may be correct.)

A

Gender is one of the most important influences on our identity and relationships.

Gender refers to the characteristics of being a male or a female.

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7
Q

Heteronomous moralists judge the righteousness or goodness of behavior by

A

considering its consequences

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8
Q

According to Erikson, as a young child’s conscience governs initiative, feelings of guilt negatively impact

A

self-esteem

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9
Q

Select all that apply

A person’s conscience involves an integration of which of the following?

A

moral thought
moral behavior
moral feeling

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10
Q

Around what age do most children develop self-conscious emotions?

A

15 to 18 months

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11
Q

Gender ______ involves a sense of one’s own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.

A

identity

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12
Q

___ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.

A

moral

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13
Q

A gender ___ is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.

A

role

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14
Q

______ involves responding to another person’s feelings with an emotion that echoes the other’s feelings.

A

empathy

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15
Q

______ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

A

gender typing

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16
Q

Heteronomous thinkers believe that rules are

A

unchangeable

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17
Q

The qualities that researchers have used to evaluate children’s development of conscience include:

A

whether a child experiences guilt

whether a child has awareness of right and wrong

whether a child experiences discomfort after a transgression

whether a child is sensitive to rule violations

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18
Q

Biology does influence gender development. Biological factors such as hormones and genetics play a role in shaping an individual’s gender identity and expression.

A

true

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19
Q

By what age do most children acquire a sense of whether they are a girl or a boy?

A

2 1/2

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20
Q

The typical chromosomal pair for a male is:

A

xy

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21
Q

Which of the following provides males and females with a framework of how they should think, act, and feel?

A

gender roles

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22
Q

The three proposed social theories of gender are:

A

social role theory

social cognitive theory

psychoanalytic theory

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23
Q

Naamah belongs to a traditional family that believes women should work as caretakers in the home and men should work as providers outside the home. This is an example of

A

gender typing

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24
Q

According to social role theory, gender differences result from the blanks roles of women and men.

A

contrasting

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25
Q

Heteronomous moralists judge the righteousness or goodness of behavior by:

A

considering the consequences

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26
Q

Among the possible biological influences in gender development are:

A

Chromosomes
Hormones
Evolution

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27
Q

The psychoanalytic theory proposes that gender typing occurs

A

unconciously

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28
Q

Observation, imitation, and rewards and punishment are facets of which gender theory?

A

social cognitive

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29
Q

Which of the following is not one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences?

A

social biological theory

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30
Q

According to social role theory, the important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing are:

A

Division of labor
Social hierarchy

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31
Q

The developmental theory that states that gender typing happens when children understand what their culture considers appropriate and inappropriate behavior for each gender is:

A

gender schema theory

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32
Q

Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will inevitably follow. This represents a belief in

A

immanent justice.

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33
Q

Baumrind argued that parents should not:

A

Be aloof
Be punitive

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34
Q

Freud believed preschool children developed a Blank______ the opposite-sex parent.

A

sexual attraction to

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35
Q

According to Baumrind, the type of parents who place firm limits and controls on their child, allow little verbal exchange, and might show rage toward their child are:

A

authoritarian

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36
Q

Which of the following is not an example of a social cognitive influence on gender development?

A

the level of sex hormones in a child’s body

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37
Q

Baumrind describes children raised by Blank______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.

A

authoritarian

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38
Q

The three proposed social theories of gender are:

A

social role theory

social cognitive theory

psychoanalytic theory

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39
Q

Gender typing is fueled by gender schemas.

A

true

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40
Q

What parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions?

A

authoritative parenting

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41
Q

Diana Baumrind has described Blank______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.

A

four types

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42
Q

Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display:

A

cheerfulness and self-control

friendliness with peers

self-reliance and achievement orientation

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43
Q

Authoritarian parenting lacks which of the following?

A

dialogue between parent and child

44
Q

According to Baumrind, the ___ style of parenting characterized by a lack of involvement in the child’s life is:

A

neglectful

45
Q

The likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents include:

A

unhappiness and fear

weak communication skills

failure to initiate activity

anxiety about comparing themselves with others

46
Q

Which of the following is not one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences?

A

social biological theory

47
Q

The characteristics of children whose parents are neglectful include:

A

Immaturity
Low self-esteem
Inability to handle independence
Social incompetence

48
Q

The characteristic that most characterizes authoritative parenting is:

A

verbal give-and-take

49
Q

According to Baumrind, the ___ parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.

A

indulgent

50
Q

According to Baumrind, children whose parents are ____ are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, and achievement oriented.

A

authoritative

51
Q

The characteristic that is not typically associated with children raised by indulgent parents is:

A

fear and low self-esteem

52
Q

According to Baumrind, Yvonne and Gregory’s parenting style would be classified as:

A

neglectful

53
Q

The parenting style associated with the best outcomes in children’s social competence is:

A

authoritative

54
Q

Baumrind describes children raised by Blank______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.

A

authoritarian

55
Q

Ruth Chao suggests that the method of control Asian American parents exert over their children is best conceptualized as a type of:

A

training

56
Q

The support that parents provide one another in raising a child together is referred to as:

A

coparenting

57
Q

According to Baumrind, parents who are highly involved in their child’s life but place few demands or controls on the child are classified as:

A

indulgent

58
Q

Using the term child maltreatment in place of child abuse acknowledges the fact that maltreatment includes:

A

diverse conditions

59
Q

Children of indulgent parents often:

A

have difficulty controlling their own behavior.

60
Q

Counter to Baumrind’s theories, the Blank______ parenting approach has shown positive outcomes for some ethnic groups.

A

authoritative

61
Q

A recent study revealed that coparenting influenced young children’s effortful control above and beyond maternal and paternal parenting alone.

A

true

62
Q

The term that developmentalists increasingly use to refer to both child abuse and neglect and the diverse conditions under which they occur is:

A

maltreatment

63
Q

Baumrind’s four styles of parenting balance the following dimensions:

A

Control
Responsiveness

64
Q

With few exceptions, Blank______ parenting has been associated with child competence in research across a wide range of ethnic groups, social strata, cultures, and family structures.

A

authoritative

65
Q

Which type of child maltreatment is characterized by the infliction of physical injury as result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking, or otherwise harming a child?

A

physical abuse

66
Q

Using the term child maltreatment in place of child abuse acknowledges the fact that maltreatment includes

A

diverse conditions

67
Q

The characteristic that is not typically associated with children raised by indulgent parents is:

A

fear and low self-esteem

68
Q

Child ___ abuse includes the fondling of a child’s genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or production of pornographic materials.

A

sexual

69
Q

In all types of child maltreatment, which of the following is almost always present?

A

maltreatment

70
Q

On average, siblings between the ages of 2 and 4 have a conflict once every:

A

10 mins

71
Q

What is the most frequent parental reaction to sibling conflict between the ages of 2 and 5?

A

doing nothing at all

72
Q

The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of:

A

acceptance; demand
and
responsiveness; control

73
Q

The important characteristics of sibling relationships include:

A

emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy, variation

74
Q

The type of child maltreatment that involves fondling a child’s genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials is:

A

sexual abuse

75
Q

With the rate of employment for mothers on the rise in the United States, statistics show that one of every:

A

four mothers with children under the age of two is in the labor force.

76
Q

Direct emotional abuse includes:

A

mental injury
psychological abuse
verbal abuse

77
Q

Sibling conflicts tend to decrease in frequency between the ages of:

A

5 to 7 years of age

78
Q

Common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation can include:

A

admonishing or threatening

intervening and helping resolve

doing nothing

79
Q

Children who exhibit the poorest adjustment to parental divorce are those who have been involved in:

A

multiple parental divorces

80
Q

The characteristic that is not typically associated with sibling relationships is:

A

stability

81
Q

Research suggests that children of working mothers actually tend to hold more egalitarian views and engage in less gender stereotyping compared to children of mothers who stay at home.

A

false

82
Q

Research has shown that some children from divorced families are more likely to experience:

A

Anxiety
Academic problems
Drug issues
Depression

83
Q

The theory that states that children appraise marital conflict in terms of their sense of security and safety in the family is:

A

emotion security theory

84
Q

Key elements important to improving the adjustment of children of divorce include:

A

The use of the authoritative parenting style

A harmonious relationship between the divorced parents

85
Q

Direct emotional abuse includes:

A

Verbal abuse
Psychological abuse
Mental injury

86
Q

Negative consequences of divorce are more likely to occur in which of the following?

A

Children who are not socially mature

Children who do not have an easy temperament

87
Q

The true statement about the problems seen in children from divorced homes is:

A

Their problems may be the result of the marital conflict that led to the divorce.

88
Q

Custodial mothers experience the loss of about:

A

25 to 50 percent of their predivorce income.

89
Q

The characteristic that is not typically associated with sibling relationships is:

A

variation

90
Q

The mother’s involvement with children drops off more than the father’s involvement following a divorce.

A

false

91
Q

Children raised by gay or lesbian parents or couples are:

A

no more likely

92
Q

The factor that does not help children adjust better to divorce is:

A

a difficult temperament.

93
Q

According to research by Hetherington and Stanley-Hagen (2002), possible reasons that parents should stay in unhappy, conflicted marriages include:

A

if conflict between the couple would increase after the divorce

if conflict among family members would increase after the divorce

if parenting would become more inept after the divorce

94
Q

The cultural trends affecting families include:

A

Greater family mobility
Fewer extended-family households
Migration to urban areas

95
Q

Recent research has shown that gender differences have a:

A

less; less

96
Q

Divorce can be advantageous when the stresses and disruptions in family relationships can be reduced as a result of the move to a divorced, single-parent family.

A

true

97
Q

African Americans and Latinos interact:

A

more

98
Q

The characteristic that is not typically associated with sibling relationships is:

A

stability

99
Q

The following have resulted from the trend toward smaller families and fewer extended family living situations:

A

There are fewer resources available to children.

There is more openness and communication between parents and children.

100
Q

As compared to non-immigrant adolescents, adolescents from immigrant families:

A

assume higher levels of responsibility.

101
Q

The factor that does not typically help children adjust better to divorce is:

A

difficult temperament

102
Q

Two friends who are about the same age and maturity level are typically considered:

A

peers

103
Q

Compared to non-Latino white Americans, the following ethnic groups have higher rates of single-parent families:

A

Latino Americans
African Americans

104
Q

Important functions of peer relationships include:

A

to provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities

to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family

105
Q

___ therapy allows children to work off frustrations, analyze conflicts, and learn how to cope better.

A

play

106
Q

Which of the following is true about ethnic minority adolescents in the United States?

A

They handle their challenges and stresses far better than was previously thought.

107
Q
A

PSYCHE 203 (17 decks)

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