PSY-203 CHP 6 Flashcards
According to the epigenetic view, development is influenced by:
the interchange between genes and the environment.
A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being is known as a(n)
emotion
Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through
emotions
Feelings such as joy, enthusiasm, and love are classified as
___ emotions.
positive
__ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual’s experiences.
emotions
According to the Blank______, development reflects an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between genes and the environment.
epigenetic view
The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to
begin to regulate emotions
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called a(n) ____
emotion
Children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time. This an example of the influence of which of the following on emotion?
cognitive processes
Select all that apply
In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?
Communication with others
Behavioral organization
Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?
Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.
In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as ____
emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as ___
emotions.
positive; negative
The true statements regarding cultural influences on emotional development are:
Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed.
East Asian infants display less frequent and less intense positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants.
Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions.
Which of the following is least likely to influence an individual’s emotions?
environmental quality
The biological influences relating to emotion among the options provided are:
development of the brain stem
maturation of the cerebral cortex
development of the hippocampus
The cognitive strategies that children might use to control their emotions among the options provided are:
Disengagement
Suppression
Which of the following is essential for the development of a variety of emotions and emotional experiences?
social relationships
The type of emotion that requires self-awareness and a sense of “me” is:
self-conscious
The influence of parents in East Asia encouraging the demonstration of emotional reserve on emotional development is best described as:
culture
Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are:
reciprocal
An infant’s most powerful method of communicating need or distress is through the act of ___
crying
A(n) Blank______ cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a brief silence, then a short whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.
basic
What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months be unlikely to experience?
guilt
A ____
(reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a ___
(reflexive/social) smile does.
reflexive; social
Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well?
reciprocal
synchronous
The factors that can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months include:
abuse
neglect
The two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents are:
smiles
cries
The statements that are true of stranger anxiety are:
It appears at about 6 months of age.
Which of the following are the three recognized types of infant cries?
basic cry
pain cry
anger cry
The type of infant smile that does not depend on external stimuli is:
reflexive
In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of:
15 months
Individuals’ behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their:
temperament
Stranger anxiety in infants tends to be influenced by:
The characteristics of the stranger
The social context
Another way to describe temperament is in terms of predisposition toward:
emotional reactivity
Characteristics of an infant’s pain cry include:
breath holding
lack of preliminary moaning
An infant’s fear of a caregiver leaving, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves, is called:
separation protest
Actions that soothe infants include:
Thumb sucking
Rocking and stroking
Singing lullabies
The theorists who developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up are:
Chess & Thomas
The difference between Gaia and Luis, with Gaia being happy and cheerful while Luis is cranky and cries a lot, is best described as a difference in:
temperament
Self- ___ involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual’s ability to control his or her emotions.
regulation
According to Chess and Thomas’ temperament classification system, a(n) ___
child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.
easy
According to Chess and Thomas’ temperament classification system, a(n) ___
child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
difficult
Based on Chess and Thomas’ classification system, a slow-to-warm-up child like Patty is likely to display the following characteristics:
somewhat negative affect
low activity level
low intensity of mood
Chess and Thomas’ classification system placed children into the following categories of temperament:
easy
difficult
slow to warm up
The theorist(s) who developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition is:
Kagan
Individuals’ behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their:
temperament
Juanita, who wakes up everyday smiling and ready for the day, thrives in her routine but is always up for doing something new, is best described as an:
easy child
The temperament classifications that apply to Rothbart and Bates’ model include:
effortful control
According to Rothbart and Bates, the dimension of extraversion/surgency includes:
Activity
Smiling
Pleasure
Approach
The classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood according to Chess and Thomas’ classification system is:
slow-to-warm up
Behavioral inhibition is characterized by:
shyness with strangers
Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as Blank______ the unfamiliar.
inhibition to
Rothbart and Bates’ temperament classification category of ____ ____ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.
negativity affectivity
The difference between Gaia and Luis, with Gaia being happy and cheerful while Luis is cranky and cries a lot, is best described as a difference in:
temperament
According to Rothbart and Bates’ temperament classification, the category of ___
control, or self-regulation, includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition.
effortful
The theorist who developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control is:
Rothbart and Bates
According to Rothbart and Bates, approach, pleasure, activity, and laughter are all in the temperament classification of:
extraversion/surgency.
Baby Farooq, who enjoys meeting new people and is mostly happy but has trouble self-soothing, could be described as:
extraverted, with low effortful control.
Kagan believes that children inherit a(n) ____
(emotionality/physiology) that biases them to have a particular type of temperament.
physiology
Rothbart and Bates’ temperament classification category of Blank______ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.
negative affectivity
The match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term:
goodness of fit
According to Rothbart and Bates, the dimension of self-regulation includes:
Waiting longer to express anger
Ability to distract oneself
Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.
true
The temperament classifications that apply to Rothbart and Bates’ model include:
Effortful control
In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn Blank______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner.
trust
Little baby Nancy, who is shy around new people and is quiet but has no trouble self-soothing, could be described as:
introverted with high effortful control.
______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.
face-to-face
Kagan believes that ___
has both physiological and experiential bases
temperament
A 2006 study of 1- and 2-year-olds that involved a cooperative task yielded the following result:
The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence.
Jeremy’s parents trying to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time illustrates:
the concept of goodness of fit.
As the nervous system in infants develops and locomotion becomes possible, children are able to develop a certain amount of:
indpendence
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as ___
personality
According to Erikson, the issue of trust versus mistrust:
arises in each successive stage of development.
The true statements regarding face-to-face play are:
It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures.
It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.
Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ___ play
imitative and reciprocal
The ability to “read” the emotions of other people is referred to as:
social referencing
The development of locomotor skills is the result of:
Environmental support for the skill
Nervous system development
Infant motivation to reach a goal
The theorists who proposed influential theories of infant attachment are:
Bowlby
Freud
Erikson
Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.
true
In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn Blank______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner.
trust
The true statements regarding Harlow’s conclusions based on the study of infant monkeys are:
Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process.
Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process.
Ainsworth created the ___
Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.
strange situation
Social Blank______ involves the “reading” of emotional cue in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.
social referencing
The term that describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment is:
securely attached
The close emotional bond between between two people is known as ___
attachment
Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn’t distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth’s categories best describes Jordan?
He is an insecure avoidant baby.
Harlow’s baby monkey study demonstrated that Blank______ is not the crucial element in the attachment process and that Blank______ is important.
feeding; contact comfort
Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true?
insecure resistant
The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by:
Ainsworth
According to Ainsworth’s model, insecure Blank______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.
disorganized
Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth’s categories best describes Marlow?
securely attached baby
Which of the following are true of developmental cascades?
They can include connections between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes.
They can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.
They can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development.
Caregivers of Blank______ babies tend to be inconsistent when responding to their babies.
resistant
Insecure avoidant babies:
Engage in little interaction with the caregiver.
Which two of the following has developmental social neuroscience linked to mother–infant attachment?
dopamine and oxytocin
According to Ainsworth’s model, an insecure ___
baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
resistant
The family can be thought of as a constellation of Blank______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role.
subsystems
According to Ainsworth’s model, insecure ____
babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.
disorganized
The social system of the family has Blank______ and Blank______ effects on the members.
direct; indirect
The connections across domains over time that influences developmental pathways and outcomes is a description of the developmental Blank______ model.
cascade
According to research, during the transition into parenthood:
Fathers do less than their partners anticipated.
Scientists in the field of social neuroscience are most likely to study:
Mother-infant attachment
The brain
Hormones
The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and:
role
The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner’s previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal ___
.
socialization
A positive family climate for children and adolescents involves:
Marital satisfaction between parents
Effective parenting
Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed the trend that:
One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born.
The correct term for parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child’s efforts at any age is:
scaffolding
Caregivers of insecure Blank______ babies often neglect or physically abuse them.
disorganized
In ways parents appropriately manage and guide infants’ behavior to reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors include:
Engaging in corrective measures
Being proactive and childproofing the environment
Which of the following regions of the brain is likely the least related to mother–infant attachment?
occipital lobe
By the time infants are 12 months old, the most common corrective method used by parents is typically
diverting infant’s attention
Reciprocal socialization is described as
bidirectional
Melissa is a 9-month-old child who loves playing pat-a-cake with her mother. This type of play is an example of
reciprocal socialization
An important form of reciprocal socialization is ___, in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child’s performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.
scaffolding
Parents manage or guide infant behavior in an attempt to
help reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors.
According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods, one-third of parents had
yelled at infant
A study of 2- and 3-year-olds found an increase in the number of child-care arrangements for a child was linked to:
Decreased prosocial behavior
Behavioral problems
Ten-month-old Alyssa smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Alyssa’s mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Alyssa crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. This is an example of ___ socialization.
reciprocal
Children from low-income families benefited in terms of school readiness and language development when their parents selected
high quality child care
In 1992, the European Union mandated a
14 week maternity leave w/ pay
By the time infants are 12 months old, the most common corrective method used by parents is
diverting infant attention
