PSY-203 CHP 5 Flashcards
Piaget believed that children are like sponges and passively absorb information from the world around them.
false
Grasping, strategies for problem solving, driving a car, and balancing a budget are all examples of Blank______, according to Piaget.
schemes
___ occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.
assimilation
Accommodation occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.
false
Ben has learned how to ride a tricycle. His parents buy him a two-wheeled bike with training wheels. He gets right on the new bike and begins to ride after practicing using the brakes (which his tricycle did not have). He even comments to his parents,”My trike doesn’t have brakes!” Piaget would say that Ben has related his knowledge about how to ride a tricycle to learning to ride the new bike. What has Ben done with his knowledge of bike riding?
organized his knowledge of bike riding
Piaget believed that we build Blank______ structures that help us understand the world and adjust to new environmental demands.
mental
Equilibration is the name Piaget gave to the mechanism by which children
shift from one stage of thought to the next.
In Piaget’s theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are called
schemes
At the beginning of the sensorimotor stage, Blank______ have little more than reflexes with which to work.
newborns
The sensorimotor substage in which sensation and action are coordinated primarily through such behaviors as rooting and sucking is called
simple reflexes
In Piaget’s theory, ___ is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system.
organization
The mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next is referred to by Piaget as
equilibration
When babies repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance, they are most likely in the second sensorimotor substage, which is characterized by
first habits and primary circular reactions.
The Blank______ stage is the name of the Piagetian stage that occurs between birth and 2 years of age.
sensorimotor
When infants repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance, they are engaging in which sensorimotor substage?
first habits and primary circular reactions
When infants repeat unintentional actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results, primarily with people or objects in their environment, they are most likely in the substage of sensorimotor development described as
secondary circular reactions.
A child calls all winged creatures birds, including bats and butterflies. Her mother teaches her the correct terms for the different animals, and the child does not make the mistake again in the future. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?
accomodation
An infant who demonstrates coordination of schemes and intentionality is said to be in the Blank______ sensorimotor stage.
coordination of secondary circular reactions
One day, a child takes a drumstick and hits a toy drum. Several days later, she is presented with a drumstick and toy xylophone. Then, she is given a smaller stick and a triangle. Based on his previous experiences with the other instruments, she hits the triangle with the stick. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?
organization
A circular reaction is a(n) Blank______ action.
repitive
What is the sensorimotor substage in which infants tend to make A-not-B errors more frequently?
coordination of secondary circular reactions
In the first habits and primary circular reactions substage, the main focus is on
an object that the infant can hold.
What is the sensorimotor substage in which infants become more object-oriented and less focused on their own body?
coordination of secondary circular reactions
Infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems according to
the core knowledge approach.
Many researchers believe that Piaget was Blank______ about how infants learn about their world.
not specific enough
When infants correctly find an object hidden at location A and then continue to look in location A even when they see the object hidden in a new location, they are engaging in which of the following?
A-not-B error
According to Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning, if an infant’s behavior is followed by a rewarding stimulus, the behavior
likely to recur
Michelle, an infant, is looking intently at her mother as she sings her a song. Which of the following best describes what Michelle is demonstrating?
attention
Current research in infant cognition tends to be more Blank______ than Piaget’s theory.
specialized
Baby Arshiya has awakened in her crib. She cries to alert her parents that she is awake. Arshiya stands in her crib, hanging onto the bars and watching the door. When her mother opens the door and comes in, Arshiya stops crying, smiles, and waves. What attentional concept does this example describe?
joint attention
What is the main finding in Rovee-Collier’s experiment of infant memory?
Infants can retain information after conditioning for a few days but not for weeks.
At what age do infants begin engaging in 5 to 10 seconds of sustained attention?
3 months of age
The decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations is referred to as
habituation
What process involves directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment and recognizing objects and their features?
orienting/investigative process
What is the process by which information is transferred to memory?
encoding
The type of attention that allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar is called
habituated attention
___ memory is the type of memory that encompasses skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically.
implicit
Which of the following involves the retention of information over time?
memory
_____ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.
concepts
The length of sustained attention increases through
the second year
Memory without conscious recollection is known as
implicit beings
The likely perceptual feature the baby is using to categorize these objects is:
movement
While Piaget believed that deferred imitation doesn’t occur until about a year-and-a-half of age, Meltzoff showed that Blank______ infants could imitate actions they had seen performed 24 hours before.
9-month-old
______ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols.
language
What must infants have in order to make generalizations about objects?
concepts
At what age do infants begin engaging in 5 to 10 seconds of sustained attention?
5 months of age
A baby puts small shapes into a box and large shapes into a different box. This is known as
perceptual categorization
The term that involves how sounds are used and combined is:
phonology
The word helper has ______ morphemes.
two
Select all that apply
Which of the following are components of language?
rules for varying words
rules for combining words
words used by a community
______ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.
concepts
We realize that the sentence “You didn’t stay, didn’t you?” is unacceptable and ambiguous because we understand
syntax
The length of sustained attention increases through
the second year
Memory without conscious recollection is known as
implicit memory
The meaning of words and sentences is called
semantics
In the English language, the sound “thr” may be combined as in the word “throat.” However, the sound may not be combined in the order “rht.” This is an example of
phonology
Statistical learning requires
exposure
What is the minimal unit of meaning in a word?
a morpheme
In the sentence “Michael walked to the store,” we know who walked where because we understand
syntax
At what age do infants begin engaging in 5 to 10 seconds of sustained attention?
3 months of age
True or false: One of the functions of early vocalizations is to attract attention.
true
We understand that the word boy refers to a child and the word man refers to an adult because we understand
semantics
As infants extract an increasing number of potential word forms from the speech stream they hear, they begin to associate these with concrete, perceptually available objects in their world. This is referred to as
statistical learning
The first form of vocalization an infant makes, starting at birth, is typically:
crying
______ refers to the units of meaning involved in word formation.
morphology
What is the term for the gurgling sounds that infants make in the back of their throats?
cooing
The way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences is called
syntax
Which of the following describes the vocalization known as babbling?
strings of consonant-vowel combinations
The function of early vocalizations does not include:
to practice the semantics of language
Infants typically begin gesturing around:
7 to 15 months
The sound infants typically demonstrate first is:
crying
Lack of ___ a type of gesture, may indicate a problem in a baby’s ability to communicate.
pointing
Which activity do infants first demonstrate to get their needs met?
crying
By as early as Blank______ months of age, an infant can recognize their name when someone says it.
5 months
The sounds that infants make to express pleasure during interactions with a caregiver are called
cooing
Research shows that an infant can understand words that refer to body parts, such as “hand” but they cannot yet speak these words. This is an example of
receptive vocabulary
A string of consonant-vowel combinations, such as “da, da, da,” or “ba, ba, ba, ba,” is known as
babbling
The true statement regarding common first words is:
A child’s first words are usually things that he or she is familiar with.
An infant smacking their lips to indicate that they want food or drink is an example of:
gesturing
Failure to engage in pointing can be a sign that a child may:
have communication problems
Darlene’s infant daughter, who does not yet recognize her name when someone says it, is likely to be:
4 months
Millicent, who knows what a ball is but cannot say the word “ball,” has not yet incorporated the word into her:
spoken vocabulary
The true statement about language development is:
Infants can say 50 words at about 18 months.
Which of the following is not an example of a common first-word type for an American infant?
goes
Julie is an infant who has just gotten a football from her grandfather. He tells her that it is a football, and she quickly repeats the word. Julie begins to call every ball that she sees “football,” even though none of the other balls she sees is actually a football. In what is Julie engaging?
overextension
An infant waving bye-bye is an example of a:
gesture
Multiple Choice Question
Little Becky thinks only lollipops should be called candy. What linguistic mistake is she making?
underextension
“See kitty” is an example of a two-word utterance that a child would use for the purpose of
identifying
The rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at approximately 18 months of age is called the
vocabulary spurt
When an infant sees a rabbit and calls it “kitty,” it’s an example of
overextension
Which of the following gave most humans an edge over other animals and increased the chances of human survival?
language
MacKenzie’s refusal to call any other dog “puppy” except for the family’s white poodle demonstrates
underextension
When using two-word utterances, children rely heavily on all of the following to convey meaning except
pragmatics
In evolutionary time, humans’ acquisition of language is considered to be
very recent
Which of the following are reasons language scholars believe that language has a biological basis? select all
Particular regions of the brain are predisposed to be used for language.
Children acquire language in a remarkably similar way all over the world.
Damage to certain areas of the brain affect a person’s ability to speak or understand language.
Little Becky thinks only lollipops should be called candy. What linguistic mistake is she making?
underextension
The region of the brain associated with the production of words is
Broca’s area
At what age do children begin using two-word utterances?
18 to 24 months
Which of the following statements about language development is true?
Infants, on average, are able to understand the same number of words as their age in months.
Some experts view the remarkable similarities in children’s language acquisition all over the world as strong evidence that language has a Blank______ basis.
biological
Wernicke’s area is associated with language
comprehension
Individuals who experience damage to Wernicke’s area will have difficulty
comprehending what others say
When using two-word utterances, children rely heavily on all of the following to convey meaning except
pragmatics
Chomsky believed that children are born into the world with a language
acquisition device
Which of the following social interactions is important in language development?
caregiver responsiveness
Which theorist believed that children learn language in specific contexts and through interaction?
Michael Tomasello
The term for the loss or impairment of language processing is:
aphasia
Joint attention enables children to use their Blank______ skills to acquire language.
social
The statement that is not true regarding child-directed speech is:
Parents purposefully speak in child-directed speech to each other once they have a baby.
According to Chomsky, children’s language acquisition device (LAD) provides them with the ability to form plural words.
false
According to the environmental influence perspective, when an infant babbles and her mother immediately smiles and touches her, the infant will most likely display:
more speech-like sounds
Recasting, expanding, and labeling are common strategies used by adults to enhance children’s acquisition of language.
true
Michael Tomasello stresses that young children are intensely interested in their social world, and that they can understand the intentions of other people early on, which influences their language development. This is best described as a(n) Blank______ view of language.
interaction
Rebeca, a 14-month-old infant, and her mother are looking at a picture book. Her mother points to a picture of a dog and says, “Look, there’s a doggie!” Rebeca repeats the word doggie. What concept does this example illustrate?
child-directed speech
