PSY-203 CHP 5

Question 1

Piaget believed that children are like sponges and passively absorb information from the world around them.

Answer 1

false

Question 2

Grasping, strategies for problem solving, driving a car, and balancing a budget are all examples of Blank______, according to Piaget.

Answer 2

schemes

Question 3

___ occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

Answer 3

assimilation

Question 4

Accommodation occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

Answer 4

false

Question 5

Ben has learned how to ride a tricycle. His parents buy him a two-wheeled bike with training wheels. He gets right on the new bike and begins to ride after practicing using the brakes (which his tricycle did not have). He even comments to his parents,”My trike doesn’t have brakes!” Piaget would say that Ben has related his knowledge about how to ride a tricycle to learning to ride the new bike. What has Ben done with his knowledge of bike riding?

Answer 5

organized his knowledge of bike riding

Question 6

Piaget believed that we build Blank______ structures that help us understand the world and adjust to new environmental demands.

Answer 6

mental

Question 7

Equilibration is the name Piaget gave to the mechanism by which children

Answer 7

shift from one stage of thought to the next.

Question 8

In Piaget’s theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are called

Answer 8

schemes

Question 9

At the beginning of the sensorimotor stage, Blank______ have little more than reflexes with which to work.

Answer 9

newborns

Question 10

The sensorimotor substage in which sensation and action are coordinated primarily through such behaviors as rooting and sucking is called

Answer 10

simple reflexes

Question 11

In Piaget’s theory, ___ is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system.

Answer 11

organization

Question 12

The mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next is referred to by Piaget as

Answer 12

equilibration

Question 13

When babies repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance, they are most likely in the second sensorimotor substage, which is characterized by

Answer 13

first habits and primary circular reactions.

Question 14

The Blank______ stage is the name of the Piagetian stage that occurs between birth and 2 years of age.

Answer 14

sensorimotor

Question 15

When infants repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance, they are engaging in which sensorimotor substage?

Answer 15

first habits and primary circular reactions

Question 16

When infants repeat unintentional actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results, primarily with people or objects in their environment, they are most likely in the substage of sensorimotor development described as

Answer 16

secondary circular reactions.

Question 17

A child calls all winged creatures birds, including bats and butterflies. Her mother teaches her the correct terms for the different animals, and the child does not make the mistake again in the future. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?

Answer 17

accomodation

Question 18

An infant who demonstrates coordination of schemes and intentionality is said to be in the Blank______ sensorimotor stage.

Answer 18

coordination of secondary circular reactions

Question 19

One day, a child takes a drumstick and hits a toy drum. Several days later, she is presented with a drumstick and toy xylophone. Then, she is given a smaller stick and a triangle. Based on his previous experiences with the other instruments, she hits the triangle with the stick. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?

Answer 19

organization

Question 20

A circular reaction is a(n) Blank______ action.

Answer 20

repitive

Question 21

What is the sensorimotor substage in which infants tend to make A-not-B errors more frequently?

Answer 21

coordination of secondary circular reactions

Question 22

In the first habits and primary circular reactions substage, the main focus is on

Answer 22

an object that the infant can hold.

Question 23

What is the sensorimotor substage in which infants become more object-oriented and less focused on their own body?

Answer 23

coordination of secondary circular reactions

Question 24

Infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems according to

Answer 24

the core knowledge approach.

Question 25

Many researchers believe that Piaget was Blank______ about how infants learn about their world.

Answer 25

not specific enough

Question 26

When infants correctly find an object hidden at location A and then continue to look in location A even when they see the object hidden in a new location, they are engaging in which of the following?

Answer 26

A-not-B error

Question 27

According to Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, if an infant's behavior is followed by a rewarding stimulus, the behavior

Answer 27

likely to recur

Question 28

Michelle, an infant, is looking intently at her mother as she sings her a song. Which of the following best describes what Michelle is demonstrating?

Answer 28

attention

Question 29

Current research in infant cognition tends to be more Blank______ than Piaget's theory.

Answer 29

specialized

Question 30

Baby Arshiya has awakened in her crib. She cries to alert her parents that she is awake. Arshiya stands in her crib, hanging onto the bars and watching the door. When her mother opens the door and comes in, Arshiya stops crying, smiles, and waves. What attentional concept does this example describe?

Answer 30

joint attention

Question 31

What is the main finding in Rovee-Collier's experiment of infant memory?

Answer 31

Infants can retain information after conditioning for a few days but not for weeks.

Question 32

At what age do infants begin engaging in 5 to 10 seconds of sustained attention?

Answer 32

3 months of age

Question 33

The decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations is referred to as

Answer 33

habituation

Question 34

What process involves directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment and recognizing objects and their features?

Answer 34

orienting/investigative process

Question 35

What is the process by which information is transferred to memory?

Answer 35

encoding

Question 36

The type of attention that allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar is called

Answer 36

habituated attention

Question 37

___ memory is the type of memory that encompasses skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically.

Answer 37

implicit

Question 38

Which of the following involves the retention of information over time?

Answer 38

memory

Question 39

_____ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.

Answer 39

concepts

Question 40

The length of sustained attention increases through

Answer 40

the second year

Question 41

Memory without conscious recollection is known as

Answer 41

implicit beings

Question 42

The likely perceptual feature the baby is using to categorize these objects is:

Answer 42

movement

Question 43

While Piaget believed that deferred imitation doesn't occur until about a year-and-a-half of age, Meltzoff showed that Blank______ infants could imitate actions they had seen performed 24 hours before.

Answer 43

9-month-old

Question 44

______ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols.

Answer 44

language

Question 44

What must infants have in order to make generalizations about objects?

Answer 44

concepts

Question 45

At what age do infants begin engaging in 5 to 10 seconds of sustained attention?

Answer 45

5 months of age

Question 46

A baby puts small shapes into a box and large shapes into a different box. This is known as

Answer 46

perceptual categorization

Question 47

The term that involves how sounds are used and combined is:

Answer 47

phonology

Question 48

The word helper has ______ morphemes.

Answer 48

two

Question 48

Select all that apply Which of the following are components of language?

Answer 48

rules for varying words rules for combining words words used by a community

Question 49

______ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.

Answer 49

concepts

Question 50

We realize that the sentence "You didn't stay, didn't you?" is unacceptable and ambiguous because we understand

Answer 50

syntax

Question 51

The length of sustained attention increases through

Answer 51

the second year

Question 52

Memory without conscious recollection is known as

Answer 52

implicit memory

Question 53

The meaning of words and sentences is called

Answer 53

semantics

Question 54

In the English language, the sound "thr" may be combined as in the word "throat." However, the sound may not be combined in the order "rht." This is an example of

Answer 54

phonology

Question 55

Statistical learning requires

Answer 55

exposure

Question 56

What is the minimal unit of meaning in a word?

Answer 56

a morpheme

Question 57

In the sentence "Michael walked to the store," we know who walked where because we understand

Answer 57

syntax

Question 58

At what age do infants begin engaging in 5 to 10 seconds of sustained attention?

Answer 58

3 months of age

Question 59

True or false: One of the functions of early vocalizations is to attract attention.

Answer 59

true

Question 60

We understand that the word boy refers to a child and the word man refers to an adult because we understand

Answer 60

semantics

Question 61

As infants extract an increasing number of potential word forms from the speech stream they hear, they begin to associate these with concrete, perceptually available objects in their world. This is referred to as

Answer 61

statistical learning

Question 62

The first form of vocalization an infant makes, starting at birth, is typically:

Answer 62

crying

Question 63

______ refers to the units of meaning involved in word formation.

Answer 63

morphology

Question 64

What is the term for the gurgling sounds that infants make in the back of their throats?

Answer 64

cooing

Question 65

The way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences is called

Answer 65

syntax

Question 66

Which of the following describes the vocalization known as babbling?

Answer 66

strings of consonant-vowel combinations

Question 67

The function of early vocalizations does not include:

Answer 67

to practice the semantics of language

Question 68

Infants typically begin gesturing around:

Answer 68

7 to 15 months

Question 69

The sound infants typically demonstrate first is:

Answer 69

crying

Question 70

Lack of ___ a type of gesture, may indicate a problem in a baby's ability to communicate.

Answer 70

pointing

Question 71

Which activity do infants first demonstrate to get their needs met?

Answer 71

crying

Question 72

By as early as Blank______ months of age, an infant can recognize their name when someone says it.

Answer 72

5 months

Question 73

The sounds that infants make to express pleasure during interactions with a caregiver are called

Answer 73

cooing

Question 74

Research shows that an infant can understand words that refer to body parts, such as "hand" but they cannot yet speak these words. This is an example of

Answer 74

receptive vocabulary

Question 75

A string of consonant-vowel combinations, such as "da, da, da," or "ba, ba, ba, ba," is known as

Answer 75

babbling

Question 76

The true statement regarding common first words is:

Answer 76

A child's first words are usually things that he or she is familiar with.

Question 77

An infant smacking their lips to indicate that they want food or drink is an example of:

Answer 77

gesturing

Question 78

Failure to engage in pointing can be a sign that a child may:

Answer 78

have communication problems

Question 79

Darlene's infant daughter, who does not yet recognize her name when someone says it, is likely to be:

Answer 79

4 months

Question 80

Millicent, who knows what a ball is but cannot say the word "ball," has not yet incorporated the word into her:

Answer 80

spoken vocabulary

Question 81

The true statement about language development is:

Answer 81

Infants can say 50 words at about 18 months.

Question 82

Which of the following is not an example of a common first-word type for an American infant?

Answer 82

goes

Question 83

Julie is an infant who has just gotten a football from her grandfather. He tells her that it is a football, and she quickly repeats the word. Julie begins to call every ball that she sees "football," even though none of the other balls she sees is actually a football. In what is Julie engaging?

Answer 83

overextension

Question 84

An infant waving bye-bye is an example of a:

Answer 84

gesture

Question 85

Multiple Choice Question Little Becky thinks only lollipops should be called candy. What linguistic mistake is she making?

Answer 85

underextension

Question 86

"See kitty" is an example of a two-word utterance that a child would use for the purpose of

Answer 86

identifying

Question 87

The rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at approximately 18 months of age is called the

Answer 87

vocabulary spurt

Question 88

When an infant sees a rabbit and calls it "kitty," it's an example of

Answer 88

overextension

Question 89

Which of the following gave most humans an edge over other animals and increased the chances of human survival?

Answer 89

language

Question 90

MacKenzie's refusal to call any other dog "puppy" except for the family's white poodle demonstrates

Answer 90

underextension

Question 91

When using two-word utterances, children rely heavily on all of the following to convey meaning except

Answer 91

pragmatics

Question 92

In evolutionary time, humans' acquisition of language is considered to be

Answer 92

very recent

Question 93

Which of the following are reasons language scholars believe that language has a biological basis? select all

Answer 93

Particular regions of the brain are predisposed to be used for language. Children acquire language in a remarkably similar way all over the world. Damage to certain areas of the brain affect a person's ability to speak or understand language.

Question 94

Little Becky thinks only lollipops should be called candy. What linguistic mistake is she making?

Answer 94

underextension

Question 95

The region of the brain associated with the production of words is

Answer 95

Broca's area

Question 96

At what age do children begin using two-word utterances?

Answer 96

18 to 24 months

Question 97

Which of the following statements about language development is true?

Answer 97

Infants, on average, are able to understand the same number of words as their age in months.

Question 98

Some experts view the remarkable similarities in children's language acquisition all over the world as strong evidence that language has a Blank______ basis.

Answer 98

biological

Question 99

Wernicke's area is associated with language

Answer 99

comprehension

Question 100

Individuals who experience damage to Wernicke's area will have difficulty

Answer 100

comprehending what others say

Question 101

When using two-word utterances, children rely heavily on all of the following to convey meaning except

Answer 101

pragmatics

Question 102

Chomsky believed that children are born into the world with a language

Answer 102

acquisition device

Question 103

Which of the following social interactions is important in language development?

Answer 103

caregiver responsiveness

Question 104

Which theorist believed that children learn language in specific contexts and through interaction?

Answer 104

Michael Tomasello

Question 105

The term for the loss or impairment of language processing is:

Answer 105

aphasia

Question 106

Joint attention enables children to use their Blank______ skills to acquire language.

Answer 106

social

Question 107

The statement that is not true regarding child-directed speech is:

Answer 107

Parents purposefully speak in child-directed speech to each other once they have a baby.

Question 108

According to Chomsky, children's language acquisition device (LAD) provides them with the ability to form plural words.

Answer 108

false

Question 109

According to the environmental influence perspective, when an infant babbles and her mother immediately smiles and touches her, the infant will most likely display:

Answer 109

more speech-like sounds

Question 110

Recasting, expanding, and labeling are common strategies used by adults to enhance children's acquisition of language.

Answer 110

true

Question 111

Michael Tomasello stresses that young children are intensely interested in their social world, and that they can understand the intentions of other people early on, which influences their language development. This is best described as a(n) Blank______ view of language.

Answer 111

interaction

Question 112

Rebeca, a 14-month-old infant, and her mother are looking at a picture book. Her mother points to a picture of a dog and says, "Look, there's a doggie!" Rebeca repeats the word doggie. What concept does this example illustrate?

Answer 112

child-directed speech