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PSYCHE 203 > PSY-203 CHP 2 > Flashcards

PSY-203 CHP 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The evolutionary process by which the best-adapted individuals of a species survive and reproduce is called ______ selection.

A

NATURAL SELECTION

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2
Q

According to evolutionary psychology, natural selection favors behaviors that

A

increase reproductive success.

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3
Q

Which of the following statements describes a main idea of David Buss’s theory of evolutionary psychology?

A

Evolutionary processes can influence not only our physical features but also our decision making, aggression levels, fears, and mating patterns.

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4
Q

David Buss has argued that:

A

evolution shapes behaviors and thought patterns, not just physical traits.

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5
Q

The growth of the human brain and gaining the experiences necessary to master the complexities of our human society takes place in the extended ______ period of the life span.

A

childhood

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6
Q

In ___ theory, what matters is that individuals live long enough to reproduce and pass on their characteristics.

A

evolutionary

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7
Q

As the environment changes, some species adapt in a way that helps them survive and reproduce, while other species do not adapt well and die. This process is called

A

natural selection

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8
Q

How are characteristics that suit a species for survival transmitted from one generation to the next?

A

genetic code from parents

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9
Q

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors?

A

evolutionary psychology

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10
Q

___ are threadlike structures made up of strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

A

chromosomes

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11
Q

What is the complex molecule, shaped like a spiral staircase, that contains genetic information?

A

DNA

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12
Q

The statement that is not typically held by evolutionary developmental psychologists is:

A

“All evolved mechanisms are adaptive in contemporary society.”

Evolutionary developmental psychologists recognize that while many evolved psychological mechanisms were adaptive in ancestral environments, they may not necessarily be adaptive in contemporary society due to rapid societal changes.

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13
Q

What unit of hereditary information is composed of short segments of DNA?

A

genes

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14
Q

Which of the following could be a possible explanation for why evolution would favor longevity?

A

“Having older people around to care for children increases children’s survival rate.”

Longer-lived individuals can contribute to the survival and success of their offspring and kin by providing care, support, and wisdom, thereby increasing the likelihood of their genes being passed down to future generations.

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15
Q

The building blocks of cells that regulate and direct body processes are called

A

proteins

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16
Q

Human traits and characteristics that are genetically influenced have an evolutionary history that is

A

retained in our DNA

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17
Q

The complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism is the

A

human genome

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18
Q

Genes are passed from generation to generation through three processes, called mitosis, meiosis, and ___

A

fertilization

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19
Q

Which of the following is a double-helix shaped molecule that contains genetic information?

A

DNA

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20
Q

Which of the following happen during mitosis?

A
  • A cell’s nucleus duplicates itself.
  • Two new cells are formed.
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21
Q

___ control the reproduction of cells and the assembly of proteins.

A

genes

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22
Q

How many chromosomes does a gamete, or sex cell, have?

A

23

Sex cells (gametes) are unique; they have only 23 unpaired chromosomes. Two of them fuse at conception to produce a zygote with 46 chromosomes.

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23
Q

Genes direct cells to reproduce themselves, whereas ______ are the building blocks of cells.

A

proteins

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24
Q

Which of the following is true of the genetic material of a zygote?

A

Each parent contributes half the offspring’s genetic material.

During fertilization, the sperm cell from the father and the egg cell from the mother each contribute half of the genetic material to form a zygote with the full complement of 46 chromosomes.

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25
Q

A goal of the Human Genome project was to:

A

discover the location of genes linked to certain functions and developmental outcomes.

The Human Genome Project aimed to map and sequence all the genes of the human genome to understand their function and their role in health and disease.

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26
Q

Genetic variability is most important for which of the following processes?

A

natural selection

Natural selection operates on the variation within a population, favoring traits that confer an advantage in a given environment. This variability allows for adaptation to changing environmental conditions, driving the process of evolution.

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27
Q

cell’s nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself, and the cell divides.

A

mitosis

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28
Q

specialized form of cell division forms eggs and sperm only.

A

meiosis

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29
Q

An egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

A

fertilization

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30
Q

The two new cells created by mitosis:

A

contain the same DNA as the original cell.

During mitosis, the two new cells created contain the same DNA as the original cell because the DNA is replicated and then distributed equally between the daughter cells.

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31
Q

Fraternal twins are no more genetically similar than ordinary siblings (t/f)

A

true

Fraternal twins develop from separate eggs and separate sperm.

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32
Q

Which of the following statements is true about meiosis?

A

“It produces cells with unpaired chromosomes.”

Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in the formation of gametes (such as sperm and egg cells) with unpaired chromosomes. This process is essential for sexual reproduction.

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33
Q

Environmental agents such as radiation, errors in the cellular machinery, and chance can all lead to a ___ gene.

A

mutant gene

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34
Q

Observable and measurable characteristics such as height, hair color, and intelligence are aspects of a person’s ___

A

phenotype

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35
Q

Combining the genes of two parents in offspring increases which of the following in the population?

A

variability

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36
Q

Which of the following are recessive characteristics? (select all)

A
  • blond hair
    -near sightedness
    -freckles
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37
Q

An X-linked disease is more likely to harm men than women.

A

true

It does cause more damage to men.

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38
Q

___ twins (monozygotic twins) develop from a single zygote, whereas ___ twins (dizygotic twins) develop from separate eggs and separate sperm cells.

A

identical; fraternal

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39
Q

A ____ gene is marked by cellular damage from an environmental agent such as radiation.

A

mutated

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40
Q

Environments interact with genotypes to produce phenotypes. (t/f)

A

true

An individual can inherit the genetic potential to grow very large, but good nutrition, among other things, will be essential for achieving that potential.

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41
Q

Which of the following is not a dominant characteristic?

A

dimples

Dimples override other characteristics, and as such they are a dominant characteristic.

Farsightedness overrides other characteristics, and as such it is a dominant characteristic.

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42
Q

X-linked diseases are more likely to affect men than women because:

A

women have an extra copy of the X chromosome, which usually has the non-mutated gene.

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43
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities result when a chromosome does not separate properly during:

A

meiosis

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44
Q

Which of the following are chromosomal abnormalities?

A

Down syndrome
Turner syndrome
Fragile X syndrome

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45
Q

Which of the following is a chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21?

A

down syndrome

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46
Q

What happens in genetic imprinting?

A

A chemical process silences one member of the gene pair.

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47
Q

Which of the following are risk factors for Down syndrome?

A

The mother is over age 34.
The mother is under 16.

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48
Q

A dominant gene will override the potential influence of a ___ gene.

A

recessive

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49
Q

There are times when abnormalities involve whole
______ that do not separate properly during meiosis, whereas other abnormalities are produced by harmful genes.

A

chromosomes

50
Q

An extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities.

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

51
Q

An abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability, learning disabilities, or short attention span.

A

Fragile X Syndrome

52
Q

A missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disability and infertility.

A

Turner Syndrome

53
Q

Males with this condition have an extra Y chromosome.

A

XYY Syndrome

54
Q

When a gamete is formed, sometimes the sperm or ovum does not have a normal set of 23 chromosomes. This is referred to as a(n) ______ abnormality.

A

chromosomal

55
Q

All of the following are characteristics of Klinefelter syndrome except:

A

extra Y chromosome

Klinefelter Syndrome includes enlarged breasts, undeveloped testes, tallness

56
Q

Fragile X syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which:

A

there is an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks.

Fragile X syndrome is caused by an abnormality in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome, leading to the X chromosome becoming constricted and fragile.

57
Q

Which of the following are recessive characteristics?

A

freckles
nearsightedness
blond hair

58
Q

In order to be viable, human embryos must possess

A

at least one X chromosome.

59
Q

Males who have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY, have

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

60
Q

XYY syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which the

A

male has an extra Y chromosome.

61
Q

A common outcome of fragile X syndrome is

A

intellectual disability

62
Q

Conditions such as phenylketonuria or sickle cell anemia are produced by

A

gene-like abnormalities

63
Q

Untreated phenylketonuria (PKU) can lead to:

A

intellectual disabiity

64
Q

Someone with which of the following chromosomes has Turner syndrome?

A

XO

65
Q

How is phenylketonuria an example of the principle of heredity-environment interaction?

A

People with the same genetic defect will have different outcomes depending on their environment.

66
Q

Those with XYY syndrome are more prone to aggression and violence. (t/f)

A

False.

Although there used to be a belief that an extra Y chromosome contributed to aggression and violence, researchers have subsequently found that XYY males are no more likely to commit crimes than are XY males.

67
Q

Which genetic disorder occurs primarily in Black Americans?

A

sickle cell anemia

68
Q

Regarding genetic defects, which of the following statements are true?

A
  • Genetic abnormalities can be produced by harmful genes.
  • Genetic abnormalities can be produced by an abnormal number of chromosomes.
  • Genetic disorders are caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

-Most genetic disorders are rare

69
Q

Which of the following are gene-linked abnormalities?

A

spina bifida

sickle-cell anemia

phenylketonuria

cystic fibrosis

70
Q

Which of the following is a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize a certain amino acid and, if left untreated, causes intellectual disability?

A

phenylketonuria (PKU)

71
Q

Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following except

A

the Apgar Scale

the Apgar Scale is a test administered to the baby immediately after it is born.

Prenatal diagnostic tests include:
ultrasound
aminocentesis
fetal MRI

72
Q

The important issue in development implicated by phenylketonuria is:

A

nature-nurture

73
Q

Normally conducted seven weeks into the pregnancy, ______ is used to detect structural abnormalities in the fetus and when used later in the pregnancy can help determine whether the baby is male or female.

A

ultrasound sonography

74
Q

Sickle-cell anemia, in which the red blood cells cannot carry ______ properly and die quickly, occurs most often in African Americans.

A

oxygen

75
Q

A powerful magnet and a radio create images that generate a detailed picture of the body’s organs and structures. This sort of screening is called a fetal ___

A

fetal MRI

76
Q

The malformations that can be detected by fetal MRI include:

A

central nervous system malformations

genital/urinary malformations

chest malformations

77
Q

The Human Genome Project has identified DNA variations that result in an increased risk of Huntington disease (t/f)

A

true

The Human Genome Project has linked specific DNA variations with increased risk of a number of diseases and conditions, including Huntington disease (in which the central nervous system deteriorates).

78
Q

The tests that can be used to indicate whether a fetus is developing normally include:

A

fetal MRI

ultrasound

amniocentesis

chorionic villus sampling

79
Q

Ultrasound sonography uses ______ directed toward the pregnant woman’s abdomen that produce(s) a visual representation of the fetus.

A

sound waves

80
Q

Chorionic villus sampling is a prenatal medical procedure in which

A

a small sample of the placenta is removed for testing.

81
Q

What fetal screening method can provide more detailed images than an ultrasound?

A

fetal MRI

82
Q

Which procedure involves withdrawing amniotic fluid between the 15th and 18th weeks of pregnancy?

A

amniocentesis

83
Q

Maternal blood screening can identify the following conditions:

A

Down syndrome
Spina bifida
heart disease

84
Q

Which of the following prenatal tests can be used for fetal sex determination by 13 weeks of gestation?

A

cell-free DNA

ultrasound

chorionic villus sampling

85
Q

Natalie is 40 years old and in her 15th week of pregnancy. She is concerned that her baby might have Down syndrome. Her doctor performs a(n) Blank______, which involves withdrawing and testing a sample of amniotic fluid.

A

amniocentesis

86
Q

The most commonly used reproductive technology

A

in vitro fertilization

87
Q

___ is typically the first prenatal test, performed between the 15th and 19th week of pregnancy to identify elevated risk for birth defects like spina bifida and Down syndrome.

A

maternal blood screening

88
Q

A non-invasive diagnosis of cell-free DNA in plasma was accurately able to determine fetal sex as early as ______ weeks.

A

6.5 weeks

89
Q

Which of the following are potential causes of infertility?

A

the woman does not ovulate

blocked fallopian tubes

low sperm production

90
Q

social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons not related by birth.

A

adoption

91
Q

Which of these are trends in adoption in the US within the last 30–40 years?

A

A greater number of adoptive parents are in same-sex relationships.

International adoption is more common.

92
Q

Identify the three pathways to adoption.

A

through the public welfare system

through international adoption

through agencies and intermediaries

93
Q

The noninvasive test that can detect Down syndrome as early as 10 weeks into the first trimester is:

A

cell-free DNA

94
Q

Research has shown that adopted children are at higher risk than non-adopted children for:

A

externalizing aggression.

attention problems.

internalizing anxiety and depression.

95
Q

The prenatal tests that can be used for fetal sex determination by 13 weeks of gestation are:

A

cell-free DNA

ultrasound

chorionic villus sampling

96
Q

Which field seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development?

A

behavior genetics

97
Q

Which of these are trends in adoption in the US within the last 30–40 years?

A

More children are adopted through the foster care system.

Interracial adoption is more common.

A greater number of adoptive parents are single.

98
Q

Dr. Turner is studying shyness. He finds that Blake and Luke, identical twins, are more alike in terms of level of inhibition than are Sam and Carl, who are fraternal twins. His research indicates that ______ plays an important role in shyness.

A

heredity

99
Q

In the next decade, which type of adoption is most likely to increase?

A

adoption through child welfare

100
Q

The issue that may complicate the interpretation of a twin study is:

A

The environments of identical twins might be more similar than the environments of fraternal twins.

This similarity in environments can potentially confound the results of a twin study, making it challenging to disentangle genetic and environmental influences on the traits being studied.

101
Q

The majority of adopted children ______ well to life, and their parents report ______ with their decision to adopt.

A

adjust well; success

102
Q

In an adoption study, investigators seek to determine whether adopted children’s characteristics are:

A

biological or environmental

103
Q

______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of these.

A

behavioral genetics

104
Q

In the most common twin study, the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of:

A

fraternal twins

105
Q

Which of the following is not one of behavior geneticist Sandra Scarr’s hereditary-environment correlations?

A

phenotypic

Phenotypic correlation refers to the statistical association between phenotypic traits, which may or may not be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. It is not one of Sandra Scarr’s hereditary-environment correlations.

106
Q

The factors that might influence the environment of identical twins and therefore complicate the interpretation of twin studies are:

A

Identical twins might see themselves as a “set” and play together more than fraternal twins do.

Adults may stress the similarities of identical twins more than those of fraternal twins.

107
Q

Which statement regarding genotype-environment correlations is true?

A

Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when the biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child.

Passive genotype-environment correlations refer to the situation where the child’s genotype is correlated with the environment they are raised in, largely due to the influence of the biological parents who provide both the genes and the environment.

108
Q

Zack is always smiling; as a result, his teachers tend to respond to him in a more pleasant and attentive way. This is an example of a(n)

A

evocative genotype-environment correlation.

109
Q

______ genotype-environment correlations occur when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating.

A

active (niche-picking)

110
Q

What is it called when individuals’ genes may influence the types of environments to which they are exposed?

A

heredity-environment correlations

111
Q

According to Gilbert Gottlieb’s epigenetic view, which of the following characterizes the relationship between heredity and environment in development?

A

bidirectional

112
Q

Bobby’s dad is a banker and loves numbers, and Bobby and his dad enjoy solving arithmetic problems. According to ______, Bobby will probably grow up to be skilled in arithmetic.

A

passive genotype-environment correlations

113
Q

Evocative genotype-environment correlations occur because a child’s ______ elicit certain types of environments.

A

characteristics

114
Q

Jake likes to read and write; so when Jake has any free time, he likes to spend it in the library. This is an example of which type of correlation?

A

active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation

115
Q

Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of

A

heredity-environment correlations.

115
Q

According to developmental psychologist David Moore, genetic factors

A

do not determine phenotypes independently from the contexts in which they develop.

116
Q

The ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

A

epigenetic

117
Q

______ genotype-environment correlations occur because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.

A

passive

118
Q

Environmental influences include which of the following?

A

Neighborhood
Schooling
Parenting
Birth complications
Viruses

119
Q

The emerging view is that complex behaviors are influenced by genes in ways that give people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory as well as by complex environments. (t/f)

A

true

The emerging view is that complex behaviors are influenced by genes as well as by complex environments.

120
Q
A

PSYCHE 203 (17 decks)

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