PSY-203 CHP 4 Flashcards
The ______ pattern of growth is reflected in the fact that infants can see an object before they can control their torso.
cephalocaudal
Infant growth is best characterized as
episodic
Shaken baby syndrome causes swelling and hemorrhaging of the ____
brain
Which of the following is least likely to be used to measure an infant’s brain activity?
sonogram
Which of the following is true of the human brain?
It has two hemispheres
The rapid development of the brain in infancy can be attributed to the
cephalocaudal principle.
Which lobes in the brain are associated with personality and thinking?
frontal lobes
In infancy, growth spurts may occur in a single day and alternate with long time frames of little or no growth for days and weeks.
true
One analysis found that ______ were the most frequent perpetrators of shaken baby syndrome.
fathers
Infant brain mapping is being used to assess perceptual and cognitive activities including which of the following?
language
vision
hearing
The most accurate statement regarding creativity and complex thinking in most people is
Complex thinking includes creativity and is the outcome of communication between both hemispheres of the brain.
User
Each hemisphere of the brain has four major areas called ____
lobes
Neurons are Blank______ cells that send electrical and chemical signals.
nerve
Carter has a sensory disorder in which he has difficulty understanding where his body is in relation to others. He frequently stands too close, leans unintentionally, or bumps into others. Which lobes in the brain could this spatial difficulty be attributed to?
parietal lobes
The process by which nerve cells are coated with insulation that enhances the speed and efficiency of the information traveling through the nervous system is known as
myelination
The expansion of dendritic connections in infant development results in
new neural pathways
The concept that refers to the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is
lateralization
______ is the term used to describe the process by which unused neural connections are replaced by other pathways or disappear.
pruning
Generally, the axon carries signals away from the cell body, and the ___ carry signals toward the cell body.
dendrites
In the prefrontal cortex, the density of synapses is not attained until
emerging adulthood
The layer of fat cells that encases many axons is called the
myelin sheath
Based on our understanding of the impact of environment on brain development, children raised in an unresponsive, unstimulating, and underfunded orphanage would likely have the most depression in brain activity. Therefore, the correct choice is:
children raised in an unresponsive, unstimulating, and underfunded orphanage
In infancy, growth spurts may occur in a single day and alternate with long time frames of little or no growth for days and weeks.
true
The premise of the neuroconstructivist view that is not listed among the options is:
Developmental processes occur independent of environmental experiences.
Which of the following is not a premise of the neuroconstructivist view?
The development of the brain is closely linked with cognitive development.
Synaptic connections that are unused are typically:
replaced or pruned.
Sleep is essential for the human body to do the following:
increase cell production
remove waste in neural tissues
increase synaptic connections
improve memory
The true statement regarding myelination is:
Auditory myelination is not completed until 4 or 5 years of age.
Children who grow up in an unresponsive and unstimulating environment typically show considerably less brain activity compared with children with stimulating backgrounds.
true
User
The typical newborn sleeps Blank______ a day.
18 hours
The most common infant sleep-related problem is
nighttime waking
The neuroconstructivist view emphasizes the importance of interactions between biological processes and
environmental experience
Losing just a few hours of Blank______ can have negative effects on attention, reasoning, and decision making.
sleep
In the prefrontal cortex, the density of synapses is not attained until
adolescence
Select all that apply
Which of the following statements about newborn sleep are true?
The typical newborn sleeps approximately 18 hours a day.
Sleep totals for newborns are variable and can range from 10 to 21 hours per day.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), infants 0 to 3 months of age should get 14 to 17 hours of good-quality sleep daily.
The following have been associated with shorter duration of infant sleep:
maternal depression during pregnancy
early introduction of solid foods
child-care attendance
infant TV viewing
Based on the fact that the participant began the sleep cycle with REM sleep and spent 50 percent of the time in REM sleep, it would suggest that the subject is most likely an
infant
The view that states that environmental conditions and biological processes influence development is
the neuroconstructivist view
Sleep is essential for the human body to do the following:
remove waste in neural tissues
improve memory
increase synaptic connections
increase cell production
Some researchers believe that infants spend so much time in REM sleep because it provides them with added Blank______ since they spend less time awake than older children do.
self-stimulation
The statement that is true about REM sleep in infancy is:
It often begins an infant’s sleep cycle.
The true statement about SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) is:
SIDS is the most frequent cause of infant death in the United States.
Infants are able to begin to feed themselves because of advances in their
fine motor control
Losing just a few hours of Blank______ can have negative effects on attention, reasoning, and decision making.
sleep
One study found that low maternal sensitivity when infants were 15 and 24 months of age was linked to
higher risk of obesity in adolescence
In the prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain where higher-level thinking and self-regulation occur, the density of synapses is not attained until
adolescence
The following may be factors in the increased number of overweight U.S. infants:
A mother’s prepregnancy weight
Too many fatty and sweetened foods
A mother’s weight gain during pregnancy
A probable reason why infants spend so much time in REM sleep is:
REM sleep may be important in promoting brain development in infancy.
An infant should consume only breast milk or formula (i.e., no other food) for nutrients and energy for:
4 to 6 months
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) usually happens
at night
Research has shown that Blank______ has multiple benefits for infants, such as a lower risk of respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections.
breast feeding
By the end of the first year of life, an infant’s improved motor control enables her to eat a diet that
includes a variety of foods.
Which of the following outcomes for the mother is the only one that has consistently been shown to be a benefit as a result of breast feeding?
a reduced incidence of breast cancer
The statement that is true regarding the trend towards overweight infants is:
The rate of overweight younger infants (under 6 months of age) exceeds the number of overweight older infants.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the trend towards overweight infants?
Babies are eating too much junk food and not enough fruits and vegetables.
Breast feeding reduces the risk of obesity by approximately ______ percent.
20
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that an infant be breastfed exclusively, for the first Blank______ months.
6 months
The outcomes of breastfeeding for children include:
fewer gastrointestinal infections
less chance of becoming overweight or obese
reduced risk for type 1 diabetes in childhood
Lori is a mother of a newborn. She plans to breast feed her baby but she has just been diagnosed with active tuberculosis. What recommendation would the pediatrician have for Lori regarding breast feeding?
She should not breastfeed because of the tuberculosis.
The option that has been supported by research on breastfeeding is:
Women who breast feed have a reduced risk of ovarian cancer.
According to the national study of more than 3,000 randomly selected infants, the most commonly eaten food by 15-month-olds in the United States was:
french fries
The theory of motor development that suggests perceptions are necessary for infants to fine-tune their movements and that motor skills represent solutions to the infants’ goals is:
dynamic systems theory
Which of the following may be factors in the increased number of overweight U.S. infants?
a mother’s prepregnancy weight
too many fatty and sweetened foods
a mother’s weight gain during pregnancy
The purposes of reflexes include:
They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment.
They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried.
The reasons why a mother should not breastfeed include:
if the mother is taking a drug that may not be safe for the infant
if the mother has active tuberculosis
if the mother is infected with HIV or another infectious disease
The ___ reflex occurs when the infant’s cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched and the infant then turns its head toward the side that was touched.
rooting reflex
Research has shown that Blank______ has multiple benefits for infants, such as a lower risk of respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections.
breast feeding
Gross motor skills
involve large-muscle activities.
Which of the following outcomes for the mother is the only one that has consistently been shown to be a benefit as a result of breast feeding?
a reduced incidence of breast cancer
Before babies can hold on to furniture and “walk” around the room by grasping onto objects, they must have
postural control
According to the dynamic systems view, the first step in learning how to self-feed would likely be:
picking up a spoon
According to the dynamic systems view, the first step in learning how to self-feed would likely be:
motiviation to feed one self
Behaviors that are built-in reactions to stimuli that allow infants to respond to their environment before they have learned the behavior are called
reflexes
An infant is not yet able to balance on one leg as the other swings forward. This is a sign that the baby is not yet ready to
walk upright
The purpose of the rooting reflex is to
direct the infant to turn its head toward something to suck.
Walking is a complex biomechanical process, which takes infants about Blank______ to achieve.
12 months
Which of the following activities is not a gross motor skill?
tying shoes
Given that Sophie is categorized as an “experienced” walker, we can expect her performance to be more confident and adaptive compared to less experienced walkers. Therefore, the most likely expectation is:
Sophie will pause and evaluate the slope before starting down it.
What ability must an infant have as a foundation for gross motor skill development?
postural control
When an infant learns to walk, it
promotes change in other aspects of their development.
According to dynamic systems theory, what is required before infants can begin to develop their motor skills and perform actions?
They must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act.
Experts believe that the neural pathways that control the leg alternation essential for walking are possibly in place at:
birth or before
In a recent study, all of the following were linked to the earlier development of motor skills in infants EXCEPT
maternal smoking
Besides balancing weight on one leg, infants must also be able to Blank______ in order to walk upright.
shift the weight from one leg to the other
In terms of the motor development milestones, which of the following can we expect to be true?
Not all infants follow the standard sequence of motor accomplishments.
With experience, walkers Blank______ risky slopes where they would fall, integrating perceptual information with the development of a new motor behavior.
learned to avoid
The essential features of motor activities during the second year of life include:
extensive environmental exploration
independence
self-initiated interaction with others
How might learning to walk promote language development in children?
It allows them to initiate interaction with parents and other adults.
The activity that is not considered a fine motor skill is
riding a tricycle
In a recent study, the aspect of pregnancy and delivery that showed the strongest link to an infant reaching motor skills earlier was:
larger size at birth
The most accurate expectation regarding Bella and Kenny’s motor skill development is:
pincer grip
The sensation of ____ occurs as rays of light contact the eyes, become focused on the retina, and are transmitted by the optic nerve to the visual centers of the brain.
vision
During the second year of a toddler’s life, parents should place:
few restrictions upon the child in order to support competent motor development.
Any activity that requires finger dexterity is referred to as a
fine motor skill
The Blank______ view connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver.
ecological
In infancy, the onset of reaching and grasping is significant because it
increases the ability to interact with surroundings.
The grasp called when an infant grips with the whole hand is:
palmer
Research has found that the most important visual stimuli in children’s social environment are quite possibly
faces
The eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin are all considered to be
The statement consistent with the Gibsons’ ecological view of perceptual development in infancy is:
We directly perceive information that exists in the world around us.
According to the visual preference method, researcher Robert Fantz found that infants only two days old preferred to look at Blank______ stimuli.
patterned
An infant hears a new sound and responds with interest. After repeated exposure to the same sound, one can expect the infant to Blank______ its responsiveness to the sound.
decrease
According to the visual preference method, a 3-week-old infant would likely look at the following for the least amount of time:
a white disc
In the high-amplitude sucking method, babies gradually lose interest in hearing the same sound, so their sucking rate would typically:
decreases
The tracking technique can be used to evaluate an infant’s early:
visual ability
In infancy, the onset of reaching and grasping is significant because it
increases the ability to interact with surroundings.
For an orienting response, an infant Blank______ toward a sight or sound.
turns its head
Research has found that the most important visual stimuli in children’s social environment are quite possibly
faces
The concept described, where infants are more likely to distinguish between faces they have been exposed to than faces they have never seen before, is known as:
perceptual narrowing
According to dishabituation, when a mother changes a patterned picture on the wall, her infant will most likely:
look longer at a new picture
The two types of perceptual constancy are:
shape constancy
size constancy
If a baby begins to habituate to a sound, typically, what will happen to its sucking behavior is:
The baby sucks less frequently on the nipple.
The realization that your mother has the same appearance and does not shrink as you watch her walk away from you (even though she appears to get smaller) indicates an understanding of:
distance constancy
Caleb demonstrating understanding that his teddy bear still has two arms and legs even though he can’t see the legs of the bear when he peeks over the edge of his crib and sees his bear on the floor indicates:
size constancy
