PSTM: WEEK 5

Question 1

• Earliest formal theories for learning, used in children
• Focused on studying thoughts and feelings, fears and phobia

Key Theorist:
1. John Watson
2. Watson and Guthrie
3. Thorndike and Skinner

Answer 1

Behaviorist Theories

Question 2

• Theories focus on the inner processes of learning, such as perception, thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

Answer 2

Cognitive Theories

Question 3

Key Theorist:
1. Breur, 1994
2. Feden, 1994
3. Ausubel. 1963
4. Rumelheart, 1980

Answer 3

Cognitive Theories

Question 4

Cognitive Theories

3 Kinds of Learning Based on Schema Theory

Answer 4

a. Accretion
b. Tuning (schema evolution)
c. Restructuring (schema creation)

Question 5

Other Theories/ Models of Information Processes

• Information is processed sequentially, from perception to attention- to labeling and meaning

Answer 5

Level of Processing Theory

Question 6

Other Theories/ Models of Information Processes

• Information is processed by different parts of the memory system simultaneously rather than sequential

Answer 6

The Parallel Distributing Model

Question 7

• The information is stored in any place throughout the brain, forming a network of connections

Answer 7

Connectionistic Model

Question 8

• Relates to memory activity
• Information is both processed and stored in 3 stages: Sensory, Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory

Answer 8

Stage Theory of Information Processing

Question 9

Stage Theory of Information Processing

• Fleeting or passing swiftly

Answer 9

Sensory Memory

Question 10

Stage Theory of Information Processing

• Needs interest
• Retain indefinitely if rehearsed or meaningful to us

Answer 10

Short-Term Memory

Question 11

Stage Theory of Information Processing

• Use of mnemonic device

Answer 11

Long-Term Memory

Question 12

Common Concepts of Cognitive Theories

• Behaviorist View
• Cognitive View
• Feden’s Domain-Specific Learning

Answer 12

Learning

Question 13

Common Concepts of Cognitive Theories

• Sometimes defined as “thinking about one’s thinking

Answer 13

Metacognition

Question 14

Common Concepts of Cognitive Theories

• Sensory, short term and long term
• Consolidation
• Chunking

Answer 14

memory

Question 15

Common Concepts of Cognitive Theories

• The extent to which the material was learned
• Retrieval from memory
• Teaching method
• Similarity between contexts

Answer 15

Transfer

Question 16

• Imagine a workplace where a new employee learns by observing an experienced colleague. The new employee watches how their colleague interacts with clients, noting behaviors like maintaining eye contact and responding with patience. Because these behaviors lead to successful client interactions (the reward), the new employee is motivated to adopt the same behaviors. Over time, they remember the techniques and apply them in their own work, leading to improved performance.

Answer 16

Example of Observational Learning in Real Life

Question 17

8 Types of Learning (Gagne’s Conditions of Learning)

• The simplest level of learning
• A person develops a general diffuse reaction to a stimulus

Answer 17

Signal Learning (conditioned response)

Question 18

8 Types of Learning (Gagne’s Conditions of Learning)

• Developing a voluntary response to a specific stimulus or combination of stimuli

Answer 18

Stimulus-Response Learning

Question 19

8 Types of Learning (Gagne’s Conditions of Learning)

• Acquisition of a series of related conditioned responses or stimulus-response connections

Answer 19

chaining

Question 20

8 Types of Learning (Gagne’s Conditions of Learning)

• Type of chaining
• Process of learning medical terminology

Answer 20

Verbal Association

Question 21

8 Types of Learning (Gagne’s Conditions of Learning)

• The more new chains that are learned, the easier it is to forget previous chains
• To retain a large number of chains, you need to discriminate among them

Answer 21

Discrimination Learning

Question 22

8 Types of Learning (Gagne’s Conditions of Learning)

• Learning how to classify stimuli into groups represented by a common concept

Answer 22

Concept Learning

Question 23

8 Types of Learning (Gagne’s Conditions of Learning)

• Rule: chain of concepts or a relationship between concepts
• Expressed as “If…. And then..” relationships

Answer 23

Rule learning

Question 24

8 Types of Learning (Gagne’s Conditions of Learning)

• Highest level of learning
• Applying previously learned rules that relate to the situation
• Process of formulating and testing hypotheses

Answer 24

problem solving