BIOE: INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS

Question 1

• field of study concerned with
(1) the collection, organization, and analysis of data
(2) the drawing of inferences about a body of data when only a part of the data is
observed

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

• tools of statistics when data analyzed are derived from the biological sciences and
medicine

Answer 2

Biostatistics

Question 3

• science of summarizing data so that non-statistician can understand it
• can be used as a tool in decision-making

Answer 3

Biostatistics

Question 4

• raw material of statistics

Answer 4

Data

Question 5

Data sources:
• records of day-to-day transactions of its activities
• ex. hospital records & hospital accounting records

Answer 5

Routinely kept records

Question 6

data sources:
• ex. administrator of a clinic wishes to obtain information regarding the mode of
transportation used by patients to visit the clinic

Answer 6

Surveys

Question 7

Data sources:
• ex. nurse may wish to know which of several strategies is best for maximizing
patient compliance

Answer 7

Experiments

Question 8

Data sources:
data needed to answer a question may already exist in the form of published
reports, commercially available data banks, or the research literature

Answer 8

External sources

Question 9

Data types:
• firsthand data gathered by the researcher

Answer 9

Primary

Question 10

Data types:
• data collected by someone else

Answer 10

Secondary

Question 11

• characteristic that takes on different values in different persons, places, or things

Answer 11

Variable

Question 12

• characteristics are not capable of being measured

Answer 12

Qualitative variables

Question 13

• value of a characteristic that remains the same from person to person, from time
to time or from place to place

Answer 13

Constant variable

Question 14

characteristics takes on different values

Answer 14

Random variable

Question 15

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
• can assume a finite or ____________
number of values
• characterized by gaps or interruptions in the values that it can assume

Answer 15

Discrete

Question 16

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE

• can assume an____________ or other possible values
• does not possess the gaps or interruptions

Answer 16

Continuous

Question 17

• largest collection of entities for which we have an interest at a particular time
• value is denoted by ____

Answer 17

Population

Question 18

• part of a population
• value is denoted by ____

Answer 18

Sample

Question 19

• measure of a characteristic of a population

Answer 19

Parameter

Question 20

SCALE OF MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES
• simply used as names or identifiers of a category
• always ____________
• does not represent any amount or quantity

Answer 20

Nominal

Question 21

SCALE OF MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES
• represents an ____________ series of relationships
• may be qualitative or quantitative

Answer 21

Ordinal

Question 22

SCALE OF MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES

• does not have a true-zero value or starting point

Answer 22

Interval

Question 23

SCALE OF MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES

• modified interval level which includes zero as a starting point

Answer 23

Ratio

Question 24

BRANCH OF STATISTICS
• methods of summarizing and presenting data
• computation of measures of central tendency and variability
• tabulation and graphical presentation
• facilitate understanding, analysis, and interpretation of data

Answer 24

Descriptive Statistics

Question 25

BRANCH OF STATISTICS
• methods of arriving at conclusions and generalizations about a target
population based on information from a sample
• estimation of parameters and hypotheses testing

Answer 25

Inferential Statistics

Question 26

• systematic procedure to ensure that the information/data gathered are complete, consistent and suitable for analysis.

Answer 26

DATA PROCESSING

Question 27

METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING
• without using any machine or tool to get the required results

Answer 27

Manual

Question 28

METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING
• uses typewriters or mechanical printers

Answer 28

Mechanical

Question 29

METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING
• uses computers softwares such as MS Excel, SPSS to collect and summarize
data

Answer 29

Electronic

Question 30

• conversion of verbal/written information into numbers which can be more easily
encoded, counted and tabulated.

Answer 30

DATA CODING

Question 31

DATA CODING
actual value or information given by the respondent

Answer 31

Field Code

Question 32

DATA CODING
recorded as range of values rather than actual values

Answer 32

Bracket Code

Question 33

DATA CODING
codes are assigned to a list of categories of a given variable

Answer 33

Factual Code

Question 34

DATA CODING
applicable for questions with multiple responses

Answer 34

Pattern Code

Question 35

• A document which contains a record of all codes assigned to the responses to
all questions in the data collection forms

Answer 35

CODING MANUAL

Question 36

• Entering the data/responses in a spreadsheet
• MS Excel
• MS Access
• Epi Info

Answer 36

DATA ENCODING

Question 37

• process of examining and adjusting the data collected in questionnaires to
detect errors and omissions, legibility, consistency and readying them for coding
and storage
• detects errors and omissions, corrects them when possible and certifies that
minimum data quality standards are achieved
• performed during data collection, encoding, before data analysis

Answer 37

DATA EDITING

Question 38

Types of editing

• done by enumerator or a filed supervisor on the same data as the interview
• reviewing the accomplished data collection forms
• decoding of abbreviations or special symbols
• making callbacks/messages for verification/clarification of incomplete answers

Answer 38

Field Editing

Question 39

• also known as in house editing
• done by the researcher or a central office staff after getting all the questionnaires/
forms from the enumerator or respondents
• checking of inconsistencies and incorrect entries after receiving the questionnaire
from the field
• more rigorous than filed editing
• checking of encoded data

Answer 39

Central Editing