BIOE: INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS Flashcards

1
Q

• field of study concerned with
(1) the collection, organization, and analysis of data
(2) the drawing of inferences about a body of data when only a part of the data is
observed

A

Statistics

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2
Q

• tools of statistics when data analyzed are derived from the biological sciences and
medicine

A

Biostatistics

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3
Q

• science of summarizing data so that non-statistician can understand it
• can be used as a tool in decision-making

A

Biostatistics

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4
Q

• raw material of statistics

A

Data

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5
Q

Data sources:
• records of day-to-day transactions of its activities
• ex. hospital records & hospital accounting records

A

Routinely kept records

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6
Q

data sources:
• ex. administrator of a clinic wishes to obtain information regarding the mode of
transportation used by patients to visit the clinic

A

Surveys

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7
Q

Data sources:
• ex. nurse may wish to know which of several strategies is best for maximizing
patient compliance

A

Experiments

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8
Q

Data sources:
data needed to answer a question may already exist in the form of published
reports, commercially available data banks, or the research literature

A

External sources

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9
Q

Data types:
• firsthand data gathered by the researcher

A

Primary

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10
Q

Data types:
• data collected by someone else

A

Secondary

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11
Q

• characteristic that takes on different values in different persons, places, or things

A

Variable

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12
Q

• characteristics are not capable of being measured

A

Qualitative variables

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13
Q

• value of a characteristic that remains the same from person to person, from time
to time or from place to place

A

Constant variable

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14
Q

characteristics takes on different values

A

Random variable

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15
Q

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
• can assume a finite or ____________
number of values
• characterized by gaps or interruptions in the values that it can assume

A

Discrete

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16
Q

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE

• can assume an____________ or other possible values
• does not possess the gaps or interruptions

A

Continuous

17
Q

• largest collection of entities for which we have an interest at a particular time
• value is denoted by ____

A

Population

18
Q

• part of a population
• value is denoted by ____

19
Q

• measure of a characteristic of a population

20
Q

SCALE OF MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES
• simply used as names or identifiers of a category
• always ____________
• does not represent any amount or quantity

21
Q

SCALE OF MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES
• represents an ____________ series of relationships
• may be qualitative or quantitative

22
Q

SCALE OF MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES

• does not have a true-zero value or starting point

23
Q

SCALE OF MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES

• modified interval level which includes zero as a starting point

24
Q

BRANCH OF STATISTICS
• methods of summarizing and presenting data
• computation of measures of central tendency and variability
• tabulation and graphical presentation
• facilitate understanding, analysis, and interpretation of data

A

Descriptive Statistics

25
BRANCH OF STATISTICS • methods of arriving at conclusions and generalizations about a target population based on information from a sample • estimation of parameters and hypotheses testing
Inferential Statistics
26
• systematic procedure to ensure that the information/data gathered are complete, consistent and suitable for analysis.
DATA PROCESSING
27
METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING • without using any machine or tool to get the required results
Manual
28
METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING • uses typewriters or mechanical printers
Mechanical
29
METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING • uses computers softwares such as MS Excel, SPSS to collect and summarize data
Electronic
30
• conversion of verbal/written information into numbers which can be more easily encoded, counted and tabulated.
DATA CODING
31
DATA CODING actual value or information given by the respondent
Field Code
32
DATA CODING recorded as range of values rather than actual values
Bracket Code
33
DATA CODING codes are assigned to a list of categories of a given variable
Factual Code
34
DATA CODING applicable for questions with multiple responses
Pattern Code
35
• A document which contains a record of all codes assigned to the responses to all questions in the data collection forms
CODING MANUAL
36
• Entering the data/responses in a spreadsheet • MS Excel • MS Access • Epi Info
DATA ENCODING
37
• process of examining and adjusting the data collected in questionnaires to detect errors and omissions, legibility, consistency and readying them for coding and storage • detects errors and omissions, corrects them when possible and certifies that minimum data quality standards are achieved • performed during data collection, encoding, before data analysis
DATA EDITING
38
Types of editing • done by enumerator or a filed supervisor on the same data as the interview • reviewing the accomplished data collection forms • decoding of abbreviations or special symbols • making callbacks/messages for verification/clarification of incomplete answers
Field Editing
39
• also known as in house editing • done by the researcher or a central office staff after getting all the questionnaires/ forms from the enumerator or respondents • checking of inconsistencies and incorrect entries after receiving the questionnaire from the field • more rigorous than filed editing • checking of encoded data
Central Editing