PSTM: WEEK 3 Flashcards
• Imparting knowledge and skills
• Educating or instructing
• Act or experience
• Undertaking ethical tasks or activities
• Involves planning and implementation
TEACHING
• Process of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
• A persisting change in human performance or performance potential results from the learner’s interaction with the environment. (Driscoll, 1994)
• The relatively permanent change in a person’s knowledge or behavior due to experience. (Mayer, 1982)
• An enduring change in behavior, or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience” (Shuell 1986)
LEARNING
Learning Theories
(Pavlovian Conditioning or
Respondent Conditioning)
Classical Conditioning
Learning Theories
(Instrumental Conditioning)
Operant Conditioning
Learning Theories
(Observational Conditioning)
Social Conditioning
• A reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
There are different types of stimuli and responses to this conditioning namely;
• Unconditioned Stimulus
• Unconditioned Response
• Neutral Stimulus
• Conditioned Stimulus
• Conditioned Response
The most famous example of classical conditioning
Pavlov’s experiment with dogs
Pavlov’s experiment with dogs:
Food, which naturally causes the dog to salivate.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Pavlov’s experiment with dogs:
Salivation in response to food.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Pavlov’s experiment with dogs:
bell, which initially does not cause salivation.
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Pavlov’s experiment with dogs:
The bell, after being repeatedly paired with food presentation.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Pavlov’s experiment with dogs:
Salivation in response to the bell.
Conditioned Response (CR)
• Described as a process that attempts to modify behavior through the use of positive and negative reinforcement. Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a
consequence.
• May involve reinforcement or punishment.
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement
Adding something pleasant to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Positive Reinforcement
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement
Removing something unpleasant to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Negative Reinforcement
Operant Conditioning
Punishment
Adding something unpleasant to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Positive Punishment
Operant Conditioning
Punishment
Removing something pleasant to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Negative Punishment
• In this theory, people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people.
• People learn behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions through observing others (models), especially those they consider as role models.
Social Conditioning
- Gender roles
- Cultural norms
- Educational expectations
- Media influence
- Professional conduct
- Social etiquette
- Religious practices
Social Conditioning
- Strategies
- Approach
- Technique
- Method
The “HOWs” of Teaching
involves directing and controlling actions to achieve goals. In teaching, it refers to the methods and procedures used to reach educational objectives in the classroom.
Strategy
Characteristics:
• A teaching strategy includes a plan for lessons, objectives, and tactics.
• It focuses more on achieving objectives than simply delivering the lesson content.
• Strategies are flexible and adapt to students’ age, level, needs, and abilities.
• It is goal-oriented and aligns closely with scientific methods.
Strategy
- Brainstorming
- Case Studies
- Debates
- Discussion
- Flipped Classroom
- Group Work
- Questioning
Different Teaching Strategies
refers to the overall way a teacher engages students with the subject matter and supports their learning. It encompasses the methods and attitudes a teacher uses to foster an effective learning environment.
teaching approach
- The Executive Approach
- The Facilitator Approach
- The Liberationist Approach
Types of Teaching Approaches (Based on the Role of the Teacher):
- Discovery Learning
- Conceptual Teaching
- Process Writing
- Unified Teaching
Types of Teaching Approaches (Based on the Nature of Learning):
approach
• Direct Instruction
• Formal Authority
• Expert
• Personal Model
Teacher-Centered Approach
Approach
Inquiry-Based Learning
• Facilitator
• Personal Model
• Delegator
Cooperative Learning
• Facilitator
• Delegator
Student-Centered Approach
is directly related to the presentation of the lesson. Which a teacher should use, depends on the nature of the subject, and the tact of the teacher.
Method
Lecture method, Discussion method, Storytelling method, and so on.
TELLING METHOD
Project method, Problem-solving method, Textbook method, and so on.
DOING METHOD
- Demonstration method, Supervised study method, and so on.
VISUAL METHOD
Inductive, Deductive, Analysis, Synthesis method etc.
MENTAL MEHOD
It is a procedure by which new knowledge fixed in the minds of students permanently. For this purpose, a teacher does extra activities in the class.
Techniques
refers to the various tools and materials that educators use to
deliver instruction and help students achieve learning objectives.
Using instructional media in the classroom offers several benefits, such as:
• Attracting attention
• Developing interest
• Adjusting the learning
• Promoting acceptance of the idea
Instructional Media
Types of Instructional Media
- Projected Media
- Non-Projected Media
- Audio Media
- Motion Media
- Hyper Media
- Gaming Media
is an interdisciplinary field that combines knowledge from biology, psychology, medicine, and other sciences to promote healthy behaviors and prevent illness. It aims to educate individuals, groups, and communities about health, empowering them to make informed decisions that lead to healthier lives.
Health Education
- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
- Early Diagnosis and Management
- Utilization of Health Services
Aims of Health Education
- Credibility
- Learning by Doing
- Interest
- Known to Unknown
- Participation
- Setting an Example
- Motivation
- Good Human Relations
- Comprehension
- Feedback
- Reinforcement
Principles of Health Education
• Informing the Public
• Motivating Healthy Practices
• Skill Development
• Fostering Communication
• Advocating for Environmental Change
• Advancing Knowledge
Importance of Health Education
