BIOE: WEEK 5 Flashcards
- Tools used to measure objectively a specific
health concept of interest
Health Indicators
- Usually numeric measures which help
compare the targeted or expected results of
health programs
Health Indicators
– measure health outcomes and/or their risk factors
- Health status indicators
– measure aspects of the performance of health
services or public health programs
Health service performance indicators
– describes the total population which is used as the
denominator in the computation
- Crude rates
– describes only a specific sub-group of the total
population being considered
- Specific rates
– occurred during the specific point in time being
considered
- Point in time
– occurred over a period of time
- Period of time
– resources needed to deliver the essential services to the
population or to achieve project objectives
Input indicators
– direct products of project activities. Generally in the form
of activities and processes undertaken
- Output indicators
– immediate result of the services or activities implemente
- Outcome indicators
– intended or unintended long-term
organizational/community changes
Impact indicators
-Number of posters and brochures on family
planning
Input
-Number of couples who have seen or received the
posters-Number of health education classes conducted
Output
-% increase in the level of knowledge amongcouples
on family planning
Outcome
-decrease in the average number of children per
family
Impact
- Measures of Morbidity
- Measures of Mortality
- Measures of Fertility
Conventional Health Status Indicators
- Absolute numbers
- Ratios
- Proportions
- Rates
Computing Indicators
- simple count of the number of persons,
houses or events being considered
Absolute Numbers
- result of dividing one number by another
RATIO
- special kind of ratio wherein the numerator is part of
the denominator
Proportion
- measures how fast an event occurs over time
or space
Rate
“Study of the size, territorial distribution, and
composition of the population, changes therein, and
the components of such changes”
Hauser and Duncan (1959:2)
- The scientific study of human populations– Population size– Population structure/composition
DEMOGRAPHY
- Affected by:– Natality– Mortality– migratio
A. Population Size
2 Methods of Population Allocation:
people are counted or
allocated to the area where they were physically
present at the time of the census
De Facto Method
2 Methods of Population Allocation:
people are counted or
allocated to the place of their usual residence
De Jure Method
Determines the number of percentage of the
population according to the categories of
important socio-demographic-economic
variables
Population Composition
the age below which we have 50%
of the population
Median Age
indicator of age-induced
economic drain on human resources– Children (0-14yo)– Elderly (≥65yo)
Age dependency ratio
computed by dividing the number of
males by the number of females using a factor
of 100
Sex ratio
- Graphical presentation of the age and sex
structure of a population
The Population Pyramid
Description of how people are distributed in a
specified space or geographic area
Population Distribution
Computation of future changes in population
numbers, given certain assumptions about
future trends in the rates of fertility, mortality
and migration
Population Estimation
- For analysis of various trends
- For measuring shifts in population
Purposes of Population Estimates
A. Natural increase
B. Rate of natural increase
C. Relative increase
Measures of Changes in Population
Size
______ in a specific place and time
= number of births – number of deaths
Natural increase
- Actual difference between 2 census counts
expressed in percent relative to the population
size of the prior census
Relative Increase
Measures the average number of people
added to the population per year
Absolute Increase per year (b)
Also utilize results of 2 censuses to quantify
the amount of change in population size
Annual Rates of Growth (r)
- Take into account all the operations that can
affect population size
Method of Estimation
- Also known as inflow-outflow or balancing
equation method
Component Method
assumes a constant rate
of change (r) and population is increasing
continouosly
Exponential method
