BIOCHEM WEEK 1 Flashcards by arabella erivera

• Basic unit of life simplest collection of matter that can live

Cell

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(t or f)

• All living organisms are made up of cells
• Unicellular vs
Multicellular
• Prokaryotic vs
Eukaryotic

true

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viewed thin samples of cork under a compound light microscope

Robert Hooke (1665)

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first to observe microorganisms

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1674)

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cell theory

Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann (1839)

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theory of biogenesis

Rudolf Virchow (1858)

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T OR F
1. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms
2. All organisms are made up of one or more cells
3. Cells arise from preexisting cells

TRUUUU

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Size • 0.5-5um

Nucleus • No nuclear membrane • Nucleoid region in the Cytosol
Genome • Circular DNA complexed with RNA
Membrane-bound organelles
• Absent
Site of energy generation
• Cell membrane
Cell division • Binary fission

PROKARYOTES

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Size • >10 um
Nucleus • Membrane-bound nucleus
Genome • Linear DNA complexed with histones & proteins
Membrane-bound organelles • Present
Site of energy generation • Mitochondria
Cell division • Mitosis and Meiosis

EUKARYOTES

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• Envelopes cell contents; serves as the boundary and supports its structure
• Regulates movement of material into and out of the cell
• Plays a role in cellular communication

Plasma Membrane
• Cell membrane, plasmalemma

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• Gelatinous substance that fills the inside of the cell
• Enclosed by the plasma membrane
• Located external to the nuclear membrane

Cytoplasm

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substance in which the organelles are suspended

Cytosol

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• Provides structural support to cells
• Assist with cell motility and movement of materials throughout the cell

Cytoskeleton

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• Microtubules
• Microfilaments
• Intermediate
filaments

Cytoskeleton

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• Powerhouse of the cell - site of energy production in the form ofATP
• Double-membrane bound organelle
• Contains its own DNA

Mitochondria

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• Site of protein synthesis
• 2 subunits
• large
• small

Ribosomes

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• convoluted membranous network of intercommunicating channels called cisterns
• ROUGH
• Modifies,
transports, and
stores proteins
• SMOOTH
• Detoxification
• Lipid biosynthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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• Packaging center
• completes
modifications of proteins produced in the RER
• packages and addresses proteins made by the RER to their proper destinations

Golgi Apparatus

• Spherical, membrane-bound organelles
• Transport of cellular material
• Produced by the cell membrane

Vesicles

• Spherical, membrane-bound organelles
• Suicidal bags
• Contains enzymes
for digestion
• Produced by the
Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes

• Spherical, membrane-bound organelles
• beta oxidation of lipids
• detoxification of harmful substances
• Formed by budding
from the ER

Peroxisome

houses the genetic material (DNA) of the cell for directing protein synthesis

Nucleus

consists of RNA and protein for ribosome assembly

Nucleolus

boundary between cytoplasm and nuclear contents

Nuclear envelope

PASSIVE TRANSPORT • CARRIER PROTEINS facilitate movement of SOLUTES across a membrane • from high to low concentration of solutes (DOWNHILL / ALONG the concentration gradient) • DoesNOTrequire energy

Facilitated Diffusion

PASSIVE TRANSPORT • movement of WATER across a semipermeable membrane • from low to high concentration of solutes • DoesNOTrequire energy

OSMOSIS

• PROTEIN PUMPS facilitate movement of SOLUTES across a semipermeable membrane • from low to high concentration of solutes (UPHILL / AGAINST the concentration gradient) • REQUIRES energy

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

• Transport of materials across the cell membrane through vesicles that are formed or lost as material is brought into or out of a cell

VESICULAR TRANSPORT

VESICULAR TRANSPORT • bulk movement of substances INTO the cell by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane

ENDOCYTOSIS

VESICULAR TRANSPORT • Bulk movement of substance OUT OF the cell by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane

EXOCYTOSIS

ENDOCYTOSIS Cell surface extends, forming pseudopodia that engulf particles that are internalized into a vacuole White blood cell engulfing a bacterium

Phagocytosis

ENDOCYTOSIS Cell membrane invaginates to form a pit containing extracellular fluid; the pit pinches off & forms a vesicle Reabsorption of small proteins in the kidney

Pinocytosis

ENDOCYTOSIS Ligands first bind to receptors on the plasma membrane, triggering the uptake of the receptor and bound substance Uptake of cholesterol into cells

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Phases of the Cell Cycle • G1 •S • G2

Interphase

Phases of the Cell Cycle • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

M Phase

Interphase • cells accumulate needed enzymes and nucleotides needed for DNA replication

Interphase • DNA replication

Interphase • Cells grow in preparation for mitosis

• Chromosomes condense and become visible • Centrosomes move toward opposite poles • Spindle fibers emerge from centrosomes • Nuclear envelope breaks down

PROPHASE

• Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate • Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles

METAPHASE

• Centromeres split in two • Sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles • Certain spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell

ANAPHASE

• Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense • Nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes • The mitotic spindle breaks down • Spindle fibers continue to push apart

TELOPHASE

• Animal Cells: A cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells • Plant Cells: A cell plate (new cell wall precursor) grows to separate the daughter cells

CYTOKINESIS