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2ND YEAR 1ST SEM (PRELIMS) > BIOCHEM WEEK 3 > Flashcards

BIOCHEM WEEK 3 Flashcards

1
Q

• most abundant class of bioorganic molecules on planet Earth

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

CHO in plants

– structural elements

A

Cellulose

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3
Q

CHO in plants

energy reserve

A

Starch

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4
Q

provides energy.

A

Oxidation

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5
Q

Storage

A

glycogen

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6
Q

– for synthesis of other biologic substances

A

C atom source

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7
Q

DNA and RNA structural component

A

ribose & deoxyribose

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8
Q

Cell membrane component

A

glycolipids

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9
Q

Cell-cell and Cell-Molecule recognition processes

A

glycoprotein

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10
Q

largest source of dietary calories for most of the world’s population

A

Carbohydrates

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11
Q

• A carbohydrate that contains a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone unit or
• Cannot be broken down into simpler units by hydrolysis
• Usually contains 3-7 carbon atoms
• Water-soluble
• Crystalline solids

A

MONOsaccharide

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12
Q

• 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded to each other
• Produces monosaccharides upon hydrolysis
• Water-soluble
• Crystalline

A

DIsaccharide

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13
Q

• 3-10 monosaccharides covalently bonded to each other
• Produces monosaccharides upon hydrolysis
• Mostly not digested by human enzymes
Examples
• Raffinose • Stachyose

A

OLIGOsaccharide

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14
Q

• MANY monosaccharides covalently bonded to each other
• Produces monosaccharides upon hydrolysis
Examples
• Glycogen • Cellulose • Starch

A

POLYsaccharide

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15
Q

• name ends in –ose
§ except: Glyceraldehyde &
Dihydroxyacetone
• can be classified based on
§ number of carbons v Triose
v Tetrose v Pentose v Hexose
§ functional group v Aldose
v Ketose

A

Monosaccharides

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16
Q

have the same molecular and structural formulas but differ in orientation of atoms in space

The left and right-handed forms of a chiral molecule

A

isomers

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17
Q

nonsuperimposable mirror images
e.g. left- and right-handed forms of a molecule

A

Enantiomers

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18
Q

not mirror images of each others

A

Diastereomers

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19
Q

Type of isomerism founds in carbohydrates

A

§ Superimposable
§ Non-superimposable

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20
Q

– C atom bonded to 4 different groups

A

Chiral Center

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21
Q

(t or f)

• All proteins, most fats, and all common carbohydrates are chiral

A

true

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22
Q

are almost always right-handed

A

Monosaccharides

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23
Q

are always left-handed

A

Amino acids

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24
Q

2D notation for showing the spatial arrangement of groups about chiral centers in molecules
• Chiral center is represented as the intersection of vertical and horizontal lines

A

Fischer Projection

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25
Q

(t or f)

§ D stands for Dextro – right
§ L stands for Levo - left

A

true

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26
Q

Isomers in which the atoms have different connectivity

A

Constitutional Isomers

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27
Q

isomers with atoms of the same connectivity that differ only in the orientation of the atoms in space

A

Stereoisomers

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28
Q

Stereoisomers

Stereoisomers that are non superimposable mirror images of each other.
Handedness (D and L forms) is determined by the configuration at the highest- numbered chiral center

A

Enantiomers

29
Q

Stereoisomers

Stereoisomers that are nit mirror images of each other.

A

diastereomers

30
Q

(t or f)

Enantiomers are OPTICALLY ACTIVE – it rotates the plane of polarized light
• If it rotates the plane polarized light towards the RIGHT (clockwise) → + DEXTROROTATORY
• If it rotates the plane polarized light towards the LEFT (counter clockwise) → - LEVOROTATORY

A

true

31
Q

(t or f)

Handedness (D & L) of enantiomers & the direction of
light rotation are NOT connected entities

A

true

32
Q

The two members of an enantiomeric pair have the SAME interaction with __________________

A

ACHIRAL molecules

33
Q

The two members of an enantiomeric pair have DIFFERENT interactions with __________________

A

CHIRAL molecules

34
Q

• Name due to its resemblance to the cyclic ether Pyran
• Cyclic monosacchoride containing a 6-atom ring

A

PYRANOSE

35
Q

• Name due to its resemblance to the cyclic ether Furan
• Cyclic monosacchoride containing a 5-atom ring

A

FURANOSE

36
Q

• 2D structural notation that specifies the 3D structure of the cyclic form of a monosaccharide
• hemiacetal ring system viewed “edge on” with the –O– ring atom at the
§ upper right (6 membered ring) or
§ top (5-membered ring)

A

Haworth Projection

37
Q

can yield 3 different types depending on the oxidizing agent

A

Oxidation

38
Q

Yields polyhydroxy alcohols referred to as ___________

A

ALDITOLS

39
Q

(t or f)

Hydroxyl groups (–OH) can react with inorganic oxyacids to form inorganic esters

A

true

40
Q

Amino sugars and their N-acetyl derivatives are building blocks of glycosaminoglycans such as ___________

A

hyaluronic acid

41
Q

(t or f)

• Hydroxyl group (–OH) of a monosaccharide is replaced with an amino group (NH2)
• In naturally occurring amino sugars, NH2 replaces the C2 –OH group

A

true

42
Q

Fact: the cyclic form of monosaccharides are ___________

A

hemiacetals

43
Q

–OH group is replaced with an –OR group

A

Hemiacetal carbon

44
Q

(grape sugar)
• Most abundant in nature
• Nutritionally the
most important
• Used by cells as the
primary source of energy

A

GLUCOSE

45
Q

(brain sugar)
• Seldom encountered as a
free monosaccharide
• Synthesized in the
mammary glands for use in
lactose (milk sugar)
• Component of glycoproteins
found in nervous tissue
• Also present in the chemical markers
that distinguish various blood types

A

GALACTOSE

46
Q

glucose

optically active

A

Dextrose

47
Q

glucose

blood contains
dissolved glucose
§ Insulin - ↓ glucose level
§ Glucagon - ↑ glucose level

A

Blood sugar

48
Q

(fruit sugar)
• Most important ketohexose
• Sweetest-tasting of all sugars
• Sometimes as a dietary
sugar because it requires a smaller amount to reach the same amount of sweetness

A

FRUCTOSE

49
Q

Fructose

optically active

A

Levulos

50
Q

• Pentose
• Important component of RNA and energy-rich compounds

A

RIBOSE

51
Q

• Important component of DNA molecules
• lacks an Oxygen atom at the 2nd carbon compared to ribose

A

DEOXYRIBOSE

52
Q

• Malt sugar
• Produced by the breakdown of the polysaccharide starch
• Common ingredient in baby foods and malted milk
• 1 glucose + 1 glucose linked by an ⍺(1→4) linkage
• Can be broken down by the enzyme maltase

A

Maltose

53
Q

• Milk sugar
• Synthesized by mammalian mammary glands by in a 4 step process • Common ingredient in commercially-produced infant formula
• 1 glucose + 1 lactose linked by a β(1→4) linkage
• Can be broken down by the enzyme lactase

A

Lactose

54
Q

• Table sugar
• Most abundant disaccharide
• Commercially produced from sugar cane and sugar beets
• 1 glucose + 1 fructose linked by a β(1→2) linkage
• Can be broken down by the enzyme sucrase
• NONREDUCING

A

Sucrose

55
Q

• Also referred to as Glycans
• Polymer that contains many monosaccharide units bonded to each other by glycosidic linkages
• Not sweet, not positive for Tollen’s or Benedict’s Test
• Limited water solubility - –OH groups can individually become hydrated, resulting in thick colloidal suspensions of polysaccharides
§ Used as thickening agents in sauces, desserts, and gravy

A

Polysaccharide

56
Q

The identity of repeating monosaccharide units

only 1 type of monosaccharide

A

Homopolysaccharides

57
Q

The identity of repeating monosaccharide units

two or more types of monosaccharide

A

Heteropolysaccharide

58
Q

• Energy storage homopolysaccharide found in PLANTS
• Composed solely of glucose units
• Amylose – unbranched (15-20%) bonds: ⍺(1→4)
MM: 50,000 (up to 1k glucose units) Amylopectin – branched (80-85%) bonds: ⍺(1→4) ⍺(1→6) at branch points every 25-30 units MM: 300,000 (up to 100k glucose units)
• Hydrolyzed by enzymes of the human digestive tract

A

STARCH

59
Q

• Energy storage homopolysaccharide found in ANIMALS & HUMANS
• Composed solely of glucose units
• Stored in the liver and muscle
• Bonds: ⍺(1→4)
⍺(1→6) at branch points
• MM: 3,000,000 (up to 1M glucose units)

A

GLYCOGEN

60
Q

• Structural homopolysaccharide found in PLANT CELL WALL
• Monomer: glucose
• Bonds: β(1→4)
• Most abundant polysaccharide
• NOT hydrolyzed by enzymes in the human digestive tract
• Serves as dietary fiber – readily absorbs water leading to softer stools

A

CELLULOSE

61
Q

• Structural homopolysaccharide found in ARTHROPODS & FUNGI
• Monomer: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine Bonds: β (1→4)
• 2nd most abundant polysaccharide
• NOT hydrolyzed by enzymes in the human digestive tract

A

CHITIN

62
Q

• Alternating residues of N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucuronic acid
• Bonds: β(1→3) alternating with β(1→4)
• 50,000 disaccharide units/chain
• Found as lubricant fluid of joints and in the vitreous humor of the eye

A

HYALURONIC ACID

63
Q

• Alternating residues of Sulfated iduronic acid and Sulfated glucosamine
• Blood anticoagulant naturally present in mast cells & is released at the site of tissue injury
• Used therapeutically to inhibit coagulation of blood

A

HEPARIN

64
Q

• lipid molecule that has ≥ 1 carbohydrate (or derivative) units covalently bonded to it
Functions
• Cerebrosides & Gangliosides –
found extensively in neural tissue • Essential cell membrane
component

A

Glycolipids

65
Q

• protein molecule that has ≥ 1 carbohydrate (or derivative) units covalently bonded to it
Functions
• Immunoglobulins
• Cell surface recognition and
antigenicity
• Lubricant and protective agent in
the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts

A

Glycoproteins

66
Q

mono or disaccharides (sugars) - sweet

A

Simple carbs

67
Q

polysaccharides – not sweet

A

Complex carbs

68
Q

naturally present in whole foods such as milk and fruit; accompanied by nutrients

A

Natural suga

69
Q

separated from its plant source (usually beet, cane); considered as empty calories

A

Refined sugar

2ND YEAR 1ST SEM (PRELIMS) (13 decks)

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