PSCEP Review with Dr. Torres

Question 1

This is an amphetamine variant whose major pharmacologic effects and abuse potential are similar to those of amphetamine, but this may be effective in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Answer 1

Methylphenidate

Question 2

This is a selective inhibitor of the norepinephrine reuptake transporter. Its actions, therefore, are mediated by potentiation of norepinephrine levels in noradrenergic synapses. It is used in the treatment of attention deficit disorders

Answer 2

Atomoxetine

Atomoxetine has surprisingly little cardiovascular effect because it has a clonidine-like effect in the CNS to decrease sympathetic outflow while at the same time potentiating the effects of norepinephrine in the periphery.

Question 3

This is a psychostimulant indirect-acting sympathomimetic that differs from amphetamine in structure, neurochemical profile, and behavioral effects. It is used primarily to improve wakefulness in narcolepsy and some other conditions as it inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine transporters, while decreasing GABA levels.

Answer 3

Modafinil

Question 4

This is a potent competitive antagonist at both α1 and α2 receptors, and is used for pheochromocytoma diagnostics, the Regitine test

Answer 4

Phentolamine

Question 5

Drug used for Tensilon test for Myasthenia gravis

Answer 5

Edrophonium

Question 6

This is the study of genetic factors that underlie variation in drug response.

Answer 6

Pharmacogenomics or Pharmacogenetics

Question 7

This is the RANKL inhibitor that is of comparable efficacy to bisphosphonates in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. It is given subcutaneously every 6-months in 60-mg doses.

Answer 7

Denosumab

Like the bisphosphonates it suppresses bone resorption and secondarily bone formation. Denosumab reduces the risk of both vertebral and nonvertebral fractures with comparable effectiveness to the potent bisphosphonates.

Question 8

This is the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) approved for treatment of osteoporosis. It reduces the risk of breast cancer and protects against spine fractures but not hip fractures.

Answer 8

Raloxifene

Question 9

Nonhormonal agents that suppress the activity of osteoclasts in part via inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthesis; used for osteoporosis

Answer 9

Bisphosphonates (ex. alendronate)

Question 10

This is the newest bone-building medicine to treat osteoporosis, and it is highly effective at treating this condition by blocking the protein sclerostin, which is produced by bone cells and negatively impacts bone density. Administered as monthly injections, the drug helps to increase bone density and lower fracture risk.

Answer 10

Romosozumab

Question 11

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a relatively uncommon but important entity characterized by paralysis of the external eye muscles, ataxia, and a confused state that can progress to coma and death. It is associated with ____________ deficiency but is rarely seen in the absence of alcoholism.

Answer 11

thiamine
vitamin B1

Question 12

This is an irreversible α-adrenoceptor antagonist, is used to control the hypertension by indirect baroreceptor activation caused by catecholamines released from pheochromocytoma, a tumor of the adrenal medulla.

Answer 12

Phenoxybenzamine

Question 13

This is a competitive piperazinyl quinazoline effective in the management of hypertension. It is highly selective for α1 receptors and typically 1000-fold less potent at α2 receptors. This may partially explain the relative absence of tachycardia seen with this drug compared with that of phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine. It also relaxes both arterial and venous vascular smooth muscle, as well as smooth muscle in the prostate, due to blockade of α1 receptors. Hence, it is used for BPH with hypertension

Answer 13

Prazosin

Question 14

The first commercial preparation of PGI2 approved for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, improves symptoms, prolongs survival, and delays or prevents the need for lung or lung-heart transplantation.

Answer 14

Epoprostenol

Question 15

___________, an agonist at 5-HT1B/1D, is currently first-line therapy for acute severe migraine attacks in most patients. However, it should not be used in patients at risk for coronary artery disease.

Answer 15

Sumatriptan

Question 16

The third generation of antihistamines presently consists of:

Answer 16

FEXOFENADINE, norastemizole and DCL

Question 17

__________ is a new second generation H1-antihistamine recently approved for the symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria

Answer 17

Bilastine

Question 18

An antidepressant effective for smoking cessation by noncompetitive antagonism of nicotinic receptors, replacing varenicline

Answer 18

Bupropion

Bupropion is also combined with naltrexone (opioid antagonist) for anti-obesity.

Question 19

This is done for resuscitation from bupivacaine cardiotoxicity

Answer 19

Intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE)

Question 20

A novel approach to treat orthostatic hypotension is ___________, a synthetic molecule that has been approved by the FDA to treat neurogenic orthostatic hypotension.

Answer 20

Droxidopa

Question 21

This is a nonselective beta-blocker with no local anesthetic activity. It has excellent ocular hypotensive effects when administered topically in the eye.

Answer 21

Timolol

Question 22

This neurotoxin produces chemodenervation and local paralysis when injected into a muscle.

Answer 22

Botulinum toxin

Question 23

A special application of dantrolene is in the treatment of ________________, a rare heritable disorder that can be triggered by a variety of stimuli, including general anesthetics (eg, volatile anesthetics) and neuromuscular blocking drugs (eg, succinylcholine)

Answer 23

malignant hyperthermia

Question 24

This is the most widely used somatostatin analog useful for the acute control of bleeding from esophageal varices.

Answer 24

Octreotide

Question 25

Betablocker used to prevent esophageal varices for people with portal hypertension

Answer 25

Propranolol

Question 26

SERM extensively used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women and is approved for chemoprevention of breast cancer in high-risk women

Answer 26

Tamoxifen

Question 27

_______________, a selective nonsteroidal inhibitor of aromatase (the enzyme required for estrogen synthesis), is effective in some women whose breast tumors have become resistant to tamoxifen

Answer 27

Anastrozole

Question 28

This is a pure estrogen receptor antagonist that has been somewhat more effective than those with partial agonist effects in some patients who have become resistant to tamoxifen.

Answer 28

Fulvestrant

Question 29

GnRH agonists can be administered via nasal spray

Answer 29

nafarelin

Question 30

A new amphetamine substitute that is approved for use in narcolepsy and is claimed to have fewer disadvantages (excessive mood changes, insomnia, and abuse potential) than amphetamine in this condition

Answer 30

Modafinil

Question 31

This is an α2 agonist used for sedation under intensive care circumstances and during anesthesia

Answer 31

Dexmedetomidine