Prudent use of antibiotics

Question 1

There are 3 situations in which antibiotics can be used in animals:

Answer 1

1. Therapeutic use for specific treatment of a diseased animal.
2. Control or metaphylactic use – the treatment of a group of animals
   after the diagnosis of disease has been made in part of the group. The
   aim is to treat clinically sick animals and control the spread of disease
   to others in close contact which may already be infected.
3. Preventative or prophylactic use – the treatment of an animal or group of animals before clinical signs of disease.
   The aim is to prevent the
   occurrence of disease or infection.

NB! New EU legislation (2022) will prohibit all forms of routine antibiotic use in farming, including preventative group treatments.

Question 2

In practice, we usually start AB treatment
without …?

Answer 2

bacteriological diagnosis.

But this is not gold standard.

Question 3

The principles to follow before antibiotic treatment decision. (4)

Answer 3

1. Achieve the maximum concentration of antibiotic at the site of infection.
2. Use antibiotics only for the bacterial species involved with the infection and avoid influencing normal microflora as
   much as possible aka as narrow spectrum as possible.
3. Avoid the development and spread of resistant microbes at the farm level and between animal-environment and human.
4. Do not use antibiotics in animals that are essential for the treatment of human infections.

Question 4

Name the major groups of AB. (10)

Answer 4

penicillins (ampicillin, cloxacillin)

aminoglycosides (streptomycin, gentamycin)

tetracyclines (doxycycline, oxytetracycline)

macrolides (tylosin)

fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin)

lincosamides (clindamycin, lincomycin)

1. gen cephalosporins (cefalexin)

3.-4. gen cephalosporins (ceftiofur)

amfenicols (chloramfenicol)

polymyxins (colistin)

Question 5

Give an example of a penicillin.

Answer 5

ampicillin, cloxacillin

Question 6

Give an example of an aminoglycoside.

Answer 6

streptomycin, gentamycin

Question 7

Give an example of a tetracycline.

Answer 7

doxycycline, oxytetracycline

Question 8

Give an example of a macrolide.

Answer 8

tylosin

Question 9

Give an example of a fluoroquinolone.

Answer 9

enrofloxacin

Question 10

Give an example of a lincosamide.

Answer 10

clindamycin, lincomycin

Question 11

Give an example of a 1. gen cephalosporin.

Answer 11

cefalexin

Question 12

Give an example of a 3.-4. gen cephalosporin.

Answer 12

ceftiofur

Question 13

Give an example of a polymyxin.

Answer 13

colistin

Question 14

How many main bacterial spp. do we treat in the cattle world?

Answer 14

14ish

Question 15

When bacteria multiply – most are able to do this several times per

Answer 15

hour.

As they copy their DNA, the bacteria are also subject to errors (mutations), some of which might help them survive the onslaught of an antibiotic in their surroundings.

They can also acquire this ability by receiving small pieces of DNA (plasmids) from other bacteria – which may or not be of the same species.

Question 16

International agreement about categorizational use of antibiotics.
(OIE, EMEA, WHO)
What are the categories?

Answer 16

A-D

A = prohibited
B = restricted
C = Avoid
D = Prudence

Question 17

Give example of category D antibiotics.

Answer 17

A = prohibited
B = restricted
C = Avoid
D = Prudence

Question 18

Give example of category C antibiotics.

Answer 18

A = prohibited
B = restricted
C = Avoid
D = Prudence

Question 19

Give example of category B antibiotics.

Answer 19

A = prohibited
B = restricted
C = Avoid
D = Prudence