Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ruminant clinical medicine > Diseases of the circulatory system > Flashcards

Diseases of the circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

Major clinical signs of Problems in circulatory system in cattle: (8+)

A

Edema
Cardiac arrhythmias
Cardiac murmurs

Muffled heart sounds
Weakness
Venous distention

Peripheral swelling
Enlarged lymph nodes
Abnormal peripheral pulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe edema in cattle.

A

Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid in the interstitial spaces of the tissues or in body cavities.

Generalized or local

Causes:
- Chronic heart failure
- Mitral/tricuspid regurgitation
- Endocarditis

  • Brisket disease
  • Congenital heart defects
  • Cor pulmonale
  • Pericarditis
  • Pleuritis
  • Vitamin E/ selenium deficiency = white
    muscle disease
  • Johne’s disease
  • Thrombophlebitis
  • Lymphosarcoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vitamin E/ selenium deficiency = white
muscle disease

A

also called nutritional muscular dystrophy, primarily causes degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscles, leading to muscle weakness, stiffness, difficulty standing, and sometimes sudden death, particularly in young calves.

Supplementing diets with adequate vitamin E and selenium is key to prevention and management.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Brisket disease

A

also called high-mountain disease, is a condition in cattle caused by low oxygen levels at high altitudes, leading to pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure.

Affected animals develop fluid accumulation in the chest and brisket area, causing swelling, difficulty breathing, and reduced exercise tolerance.

The condition is most common in cattle raised above 5,000 feet, and management includes genetic selection for resistance and moving affected animals to lower altitudes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

Cor pulmonale in cattle is a form of right-sided heart failure caused by chronic high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, often due to hypoxia at high altitudes, similar to brisket disease.

This condition strains the right side of the heart, leading to fluid buildup, especially around the brisket, and symptoms like swelling, labored breathing, and lethargy.

Prevention focuses on breeding altitude-adapted cattle and managing herd altitude exposure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Normal heart rate in adult cattle =

A

49-84 beats/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Arrhythmia are normal in cattle that have been…

A

held off feed for 12-48h – sinus bradycardia and arrhythmia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Possible Causes of cardiac arrhythmia in cattle. (9)

A

Gastrointestinal disease
Lymphosarcoma

Pericarditis
Valvular heart disease
Myocardial disease

Excitement
Fever

Sepsis
Metabolic/electrolyte imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Murmur causes in cattle. (8)

A

Turbulent blood flow in heart and aorta.

Causes:
Anemia
Excitement

Fever
Valvular disease

Lymphosarcoma
Pericarditis

”Washing machine” murmur in traumatic pericarditis due to accumulation of fluid, gas and fibrin within the pericardium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Muffled heart sounds in cattle are caused by what in general

A

In general, caused by displacement of heart from the thoracic wall by fluid, soft tissue mass or air.

Causes:
Obesity
Large/thick chest wall

Pericarditis
Lymphosarcoma

Abscess
Chronic heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

”Exercise” intolerance in cattle includes what types of signs (5) and due to what causes? (4)

A

Respiratory distress, cough on exertion, sweating, recumbency, collapse.

Causes:
Myocardial disease
Cardiac arrhythmia
Congenital heart defects
Chronic heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Venous distention in cattle, its causes? (6)

A

Pulsation of the vessels, normally the jugular veins.

Or Edema

Causes:
Right-sided heart failure
Cardiomyopathy

Pericarditis
Jugular venous phlebitis/thrombosis

Lymphosarcoma
Abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Causes of peripheral swelling in cattle? (8)

A

Necrosis, ulceration, exudation.

Causes:
thrombophlebitis,
abscess,

clostridial myositis,
malignant edema,

muscle trauma/hematoma,
cellulitis (wound or injection site),

fracture,
insect/snake bite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Circulatory related Reasons/causes (3+3) for enlarged lymph nodes in cattle?

A

Obstructions in lymphatic drainage – peripheral edema, pleural effusion, ascites.

Causes:
Caseous lymphadenitis
(Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis)

Lymphosarcoma (bovine leukosis virus)

Abscess/cellulitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Abnormal peripheral pulses in cattle could be due to: (8)

A

Causes:
Dehydration
Shock

Toxemia
Congestive heart failure

Electrolyte imbalances
Acid-base disorders

Fever
Arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Heart disease is…?

Diagnosis of heart disease includes? (3)

A

Heart disease is any functional, structural or electrical abnormality of the heart.

Diagnosis:
Signalment and history
Physical examination
Ultrasonography

17
Q

Physical examination for the Diagnosis of heart disease in cattle should include: (7)

A

Examination of jugular veins for distention and pulsation.

Auscultation of the heart – heart rate, murmurs, arrhythmia.

Auscultation of the thorax – pulmonary auscultation.

Palpation of pulse – pulse deficits.

Mucous membrane color and refill time.

Examination of limbs – edema

Ballottement of abdomen – ascites

18
Q

Describe Infective endocarditis.

A

Infection of the endocardium.

Blood borne bacteria like Trueperella pyogenes

Endothelium damage leads to collagen exposure, platelet adhesion, microthrombosis formation.

Bacteria enmesh to thrombus and cause local infection.

Typically tricuspid valve is affected leading to valvular insufficiency (detectable with echocardiography)

Poor prognosis in general.

19
Q

Clinical signs of infective endocarditis in cattle? (8)

A

Continuous fever
Weight loss

Lethargy
Shifting leg lameness

Left heart failure – tachypnea, dyspnea, cough
Ascites, jugular pulsation

Hematuria, pyuria
Cardiac murmur

20
Q

CBC changes in cattle with infective endocarditis?

A

Neutrophilic leukocytosis
Anemia

(of course with bacteremia)

21
Q

Clinical findings in Pericardial effusion secondary to traumatic reticuloperitonitis? (9)

A

Fever
Depression

Tachycardia
Muffled heart sounds

Tachypnoe
Washing machine murmur

Jugular vein distention
Submandibular and brisket edema

Sudden death (myocarditis)

22
Q

How would you treat Infectious endocarditis in cattle?

A

Guarded long-term prognosis
Palliative treatment

AB based on blood culture and sensitivity
(Against Gram + bacteria, Penicillin)

Aspirin 100mg/kg PO once a day to prevent platelet adhesion

NSAIDS

Furosemide (registered also to cattle) 1 mg/kg IV q 12-14 h

23
Q

How would you treat Traumatic pericarditis in cattle?

A

Usually unrewarding

Pericardial drainage, thoracotomy but obv not in field practice

Broad-spectrum antibiotics against Gram + and Gram -, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

NSAIDs

Corticosteroids if no growth in bacterial cultivation and evidence of sepsis.

Diuretics? Eliminate peripheral edema, but reduce venous return and preload leading to decreased cardiac output and worse heart failure so not recommended.

24
Q

Describe various cases of Thrombosis/thrombophlebitis in cattle. (5)

A

Aggregation of platelets and fibrin in heart or in vessels.

Thrombosis of caudal vena cava due to liver abscesses.

Embolic pneumonia due to infectious endocarditis.

Thrombosis of cranial vena cava

Thrombophlebitis of jugular vein due to catheterization

25
Q

Thrombosis of caudal vena cava in cattle due to liver abscesses - why/how?

A

liver abscesses, which form due to rumen acidosis and subsequent bacterial infection.

The infection can spread to the liver, bacteria enter the bloodstream and cause clots in the caudal vena cava, leading to obstructed blood flow, respiratory distress, edema, and sometimes sudden death.

Prevention focuses on dietary management to reduce acidosis risk and prevent liver abscess formation.

26
Q

Clinical signs of caudal vena cava Thrombosis due to liver abscesses in cattle. (6)

A

dyspnea, tachypnea
Coughing

Bleeding from airways (if thrombus is in small vessels that rupture)
Epistaxis

Hemoptysis
Death

27
Q

Clinical signs of Embolic pneumonia due to infectious endocarditis. (6)

A

Intermittent fever
Anorexia

Chronic active infections – foot abscesses
Chronic weight loss

Poor BCS
Cardiac murmurs

28
Q

clinical signs of CRANIAL vena cava thrombosis (6)

A

Bilateral jugular engorgement
Edema of the head

Edema of the submandibular area
Edema of the brisket

Edema may lead to dyspnea
Oral mucosal hyperemia

Same clinical signs in right-side heart failure, which can be caused by traumatic pericarditis or infectious endocarditis.

29
Q

Thrombosis/thrombophlebitis treatment: (5)

A

Removal of catheter

Warm compresses or hydrotherapy

Aspirin 100 mg/kg PO daily /NSAIDS – questionable

Broad - spectrum AB, if phlebitis

Surgery

30
Q

Describe Babesia.

A

Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis

In humans: Babesia divergens (EU), Babesia microti (US)

Protozoans, Intraerythrocytic life leading to
Erythrocyte destruction, Coagulation issues and Erythrocytic stasis/aggregation in capillaries.

31
Q

Clinical signs of babesiosis in cattle? (10)

A

High fever
Inappetence

Tachypnea
Muscle tremors

Anemia
Jaundice

Weight loss
Hemoglobinemia

Hemoglobinuria
Abortion

32
Q

Diagnosis of Babesiosis in cattle.

A

Microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained
EDTA blood.

Serology for antibodies

PCR for Babesia spp. DNA using EDTA blood.

33
Q

Treatment of Babesiosis in cattle.

A

Imidocarp 1.2 mg/kg SC

34
Q

Describe Post-parturient hemoglobinuria in cattle.

A

Post-parturient hemoglobinuria in cattle is typically caused by a deficiency in phosphorus, often occurring shortly after calving.

Causes Intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and anemia.

Due to Hypophosphatemia erythrocytes become rigid and rupture easily.

Contributing factors include low dietary phosphorus, stress from calving, and sometimes low copper or selenium levels, which further weaken red blood cells.

35
Q

Clinical signs of Post-parturient hemoglobinuria in cattle. (4)

A

Depression
Anorexia

Hemoglobinuria
Icterus

36
Q

Treatment of Post-parturient hemoglobinuria in cattle. (3)

A

Blood transfusion

Sodium acid phosphate 60 g / 300 ml water IV

Oral phosphorus supplementation

37
Q

Describe Bovine lymphoma, lymphosarcoma.

A

Sporadic lymphoma

Young animals affected

B or T cell lineage

Adult lymphoma = bovine leukemia virus, enzootic bovine leukosis

Enlarged lymph nodes
Weight loss,
fever, tachycardia,
dyspnea, bloat, and
posterior paresis

Hopeless/prognosis grave

Official organizations must be notified

Ruminant clinical medicine (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions