Mastitis Flashcards
Question1. You have diagnosed clinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae. The appropriate treatment is…………
A. Intramuscular treatment of tetracycline 3 days
B. Intramuscular treatment of enrofloxacin 5 days
C. Intramammary treatment of procaine-penicillin 3 days
D. Intramammary treatment of gentamycin 3 days
C. Intramammary treatment of procaine-penicillin 3 days
streptococci are gram positive
(gentamycin is narrow spectrum against gram negative,
enrofloxacin is a broad spectrum fluoroquinolone,
tetracycline binds with Ca+ so is not efficacious for mastitis)
Question 2. Coliforms are causing acute endotoxic clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. The treatment principle is to reduce pain and inflammation and to correct acid-base balance.
true or false
true
600 kg with penicillin susceptible S. aureus
Ketodolor:
(2.2 mg*kg) / 100mg/ml
Procapen (penicillin):
(20 mg*kg) / 300 mg/ml
13.2 ml SID Ketodolor
40 ml SID Procapen
The most prevalent disease of dairy cow, which needs (antimicrobial) therapy.
Mastitis
Disease incidence varies between countries and herds (10-50 cases per 100 cows/year).
Is multifactorial! Cow-environment-microbe factors.
Very first line of treatment in moderate to severe mastitis.
NSAIDs
Clinical mastitis can be mild, moderate, or severe and is characterized by visual changes in the milk, udder, or even whole cow (systemic signs).
Role of mammary gland anatomy in preventing new mastitis cases
Teat canal (duct) is the 1st line of defense, providing:
(A) Keratin and
(B) Sphincter muscle as physical/chemical barriers
Cellular defense mechanism in
Non-infected (healthy udder): (3)
Macrophages
Lymphocytes 5%
Epithelial cells 1-2%
the inflammatory response of the udder/host to bacteria can be seen as
the clinical signs of mastitis
normal SCC
subclinical mastitis SCC
clinical mastitis SCC
normal SCC = 100 000 cells/ml
subclinical mastitis SCC = 200 000- 1 million cells/ml but typically less than 1,000,000 cells/mL.
clinical mastitis SCC = >1 000 000 cells ml
How does lactate dehydrogenase relate to udder health?
LDH is an enzyme that plays a significant role in energy production in cells and is often used as a biomarker for tissue damage or inflammation (such as in mastitis).
Measuring LDH in milk provides a quick, non-invasive way to assess udder health. Because LDH levels rise rapidly during udder infection, it can serve as an early warning system for detecting subclinical mastitis before the infection becomes more serious.
This is useful when robot’s are in use so milkers aren’t observing milk quality so it needs to be measured.
Electric conductivity (EC) measures
the milk’s ability to conduct electricity, which increases during mastitis due to changes in the milk’s composition:
During inflammation, the permeability of the blood-milk barrier in the udder increases. This allows more sodium (Na⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), and potassium (K⁺) ions to pass into the milk, raising its salt content.
As the salt content rises, the milk becomes a better conductor of electricity, leading to a higher electric conductivity.
Electric conductivity tests are commonly used in automated milking systems for early detection of mastitis.
Are we able to recognize mastitis causing
bacteria just looking milk appearance?
No, we can only observe clinical signs.
Describe Bacteriological and molecular diagnostic methods for milk sampling.
On-farm microbiological diagnostics using commercial medias for culture of bacteria.
In lab Real-time-PCR detects bacterial DNA in milk.
* Because the test identifies and quantifies
bacterial DNA, it detects viable, dead and
growth-inhibited bacteria.
- May detect up to 16 pathogens simultaneously.
Principles of antibiotic treatment.
Gram pos. vs neg.
Note that mycoplasma are are low gram. pos.
Penicillin won’t work against gram neg. or colimasitis due to beta lactamase enzyme bacterial wall.
What is CN staph?
coagulase negative
Grampositive or gramnegative?
Streptococcus dysgalactiae
positive
Grampositive or gramnegative?
Streptococcus uberis
positive
Grampositive or gramnegative?
Mycoplasma bovis
Grampositive or gramnegative?
Klebsiella spp.
negative
Grampositive or gramnegative?
Staphylococcus aureus
positive
Actions after automatic detection of inflammation or during pre-milking. (3)
Route of administration may differ in order
to
attain effective concentration of the drug (kill bacteria!) at the site of the infection depending on the specific drug’s pharmacokinetics.
Treatment plan for mild clinical mastitis caused by beta-lactamase positive Staphylococcus aureus.
Intramuscular AB with cloxacillin + NSAIDs
2nd choice: a lincosamide like lincomycin
Or cull this animal if this is its 2nd or 3rd bout with this same resistant pathogen.
Treatment plan for moderate clinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis.
1st choice: intramammary or IM procaine penicillin for 3 days (route doesnt matter here)
(2nd choice: ampicillin)
(1st gen cephalosporins next so cephalexin)
+ NSAIDs
Treatment plan for severe clinical mastitis caused by E.coli.
IV fluids + NSAIDs + optional Ca+
2L hypertonic 7.2% solution IV + oral fluids via tube 50L
Calcium IV, SC or PO
- There is no standard treatment for clinical mastitis.
- Treatment of mastitis should be targeted towards the causative bacteria whenever possible, but in acute situations,
treatment is initiated based on herd data and personal experience (Pyörälä et al., 2009). - Treatment protocols and drug selection for each farm should be made by veterinarians familiar with the farm situation.
- Rapid or on-farm bacteriological diagnosis would facilitate the selection of the most appropriate antimicrobial and prevent AMR.
