Protozoa: Trypanosoma and Leishmania

Question 1

Genus Trypanosoma taxa:

Answer 1

Phylum: Euglenozoa
Subphylum: Kinetoplasta
Class: Kinetoplastea
Order: Trypanosomatida
Family: Trypanosomatidae
Genera: Trypanosoma

Question 2

Genus Trypanosoma is divided into:

Answer 2

Stercoraria and Salivaria

Question 3

Characteristics and differences between Stercoraria and Salivaria are:
(Lifecycle, transmission, location, reservori)

Answer 3

Life cycle is finished:
* Stercoraria: in vector, caudal part of GIT
* Salivaria: in vector, front part of GIT

Transmission:
* Stercoraria: feces of vector (rediviid bugs, flea)
* Salivaria: sucking of blood (tsetse fly, horsefly), mechanically (T. equiperdum)

Location:
* Stercoraria: in macrophages, epithelial cells, muscle cells, neurons
* Salivaria: extracellular, plasma, lymph, CS liquid

Reservoir:
* Stercoraria: armadillo, raccoon, opossum, su, ca, fel
* Salivaria: rodents, ru, ca, fel

Question 4

Genus Trypanosoma.
Name species of Stercoraria and hosts:

Answer 4

T. cruzi - man, domesticated and wild animals, bugs
T. theileri - cattle, antilope (vector is Tabanus spp.)
T. cervi - deer
T. melophagium - sheep/(vector is sheep ked (sheep tick))
T. lewisi - rat, rats flea
T. musculi - mouse, flea
T. theodori - goat/ (vector is goat ked (goat tick))
T. noctuae, paddae, gallinarum, numidae, hannai - birds, mosquitos, Dermanyssus avium

Question 5

What causes Chagas disease?

Answer 5

Trypanosoma cruzi

Question 6

Name subgenuses of T. cruzi, T. melophagium and T. musculi:

Answer 6

T. cruzi: Schizotrypanum
T. melophagium: Megatrypanum
T. musculi: Herpetosoma

Question 7

Genus Trypanosoma.
Name species of Salivaria and hosts:

Answer 7

T. brucei - gambiense - man, monkey, dog, Su (vector is Glossina spp.)
T. brucei - rhodensiense - man, animals (Glossina spp.)
T. brucei brucei - eq, su, ru, rodents (Glossina spp.)
T. vivax - ru, eq (Glossina spp)
T. uniforme - ru (Glossina spp.)
T. congolense - ru, eq (Glossina spp.)
T. simiae - sheep, cap, su, monkey (Glossina spp.)
T. suis - su (Horsefly)
T. evansi - eq, ru, dog (Tabanus spp., Stomoxys spp.)
T. equinum - eq, HD (Tabanus spp.), bats
T. equiperdum - eq (intercourse - veneral transmission)

Question 8

Chronic sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis) is caused by and where:

Answer 8

Trypanosoma brucei - gambiense - West Africa

Question 9

What causes acute sleeping sickness, and where?

Answer 9

Trypanosoma brucei - rhodensiense - East Africa

Question 10

Name subgenuses of T. brucei brucei, T. uniforme, T. simiae and T. suis:

T
D
N
P

Answer 10

T. brucei brucei: Trypanozoon
T. uniforme: Duttonella
T. simiae: Nannomonas
T. suis: Pycnomonas

Question 11

Name and describe life cycle stages of Trypanosoma:

Answer 11

1) Amastigote - no flagellum
2) Promastigote - elongated, kinetoplast in front of nucleus, flagellum
3) Epimastigote - undulating membrane, flagellum, kinetoplast in front of nucleus
4) Trypomastigote - kinetoplast behind nucleus, undulating membrane, flagellum

Question 12

Which methods can be used to diagnose Trypanosoma?

Answer 12

1) Direct microscopy: blood smear, thick stained blood smear, thin stained blood smear
2) Concentration method: mikrohaematocrit (centrifugation), buffy coat method
3) Serological: IFAT, ELISA, CFT, NHA
4) PCR

Question 13

Diagnostics of Trypanosoma equiperdum (Dourine):
Symptoms, diagnostics, pathologies

Answer 13

Clinical symptoms: oedema, skin lesions, pruritus, CNS damage symptoms

Microscopy: lavage of reproductive tract, puncture of skin lesion (movement)

Serology: CFT, ELISA, IFA

Pat. anatomy signs: anaemia, cachexia, skin lesions and changes to the genitals

Question 14

Characterize genus Leishmania:
(Where, vector and pathology)

Answer 14

Intracellular parasite (in macrophages)
Vector is sandflies (Phlebotomus sp., Lutzomyia sp.).
Causes damage of CNS, hyperplasia of cells, skin, mucosa and internal organ damages

Question 15

Different forms of Leishmania are:

Answer 15

Skin form and visceral form

Question 16

Name types of skin form of Leishmania:

Answer 16

L. tropica minor (dry skin form) - rodents, dogs (Phlebotomus spp.)
L. tropica major (wet skin form) - rodents, dogs (Phlebotomus spp.)
L. peruviana - dog, Peru (Lutzomyia spp.)
L. mexicana complex - rodents (Lutzomyia spp.)
L. brasiliensis complex - Espundia (mucocutaneous) - rodents, Mexico&Brazil (Lutzomyia spp.)

Question 17

Name types of visceral form of Leishmania:

Answer 17

L. Donovani - Kala-azar, dog, fox (Phlebotomus spp.)
L. Donovani infantum - kids, dogs, Mediterrenean area (Phlebotomus spp.)
L. chagasi - fox, dog, South America (Phlebotomus spp.)

Question 18

Clinical signs of Leishmaniosis in dogs:

Answer 18

Alopecia
blepharitis (inflammation of eyelids)
ulcerative nasal mucocutaneous lesions,
papular dermatitis,
ulcerative lesions on the plantar surface of the paw,
onychogryphosis,
epistaxis,
uveitis,
purulent conjunctivitis,
popliteal lymphadenomegaly,
cachexia (chronic renal failure)

Question 19

How to diagnose Leishmania?

Answer 19

Cytology: fine needle aspiration on the periphery of skin lesions, lymph nodes, internal organs (spleen), amastigote is small rounded in mammalian cytoplasma
Biological experiment
Intradermal test - L. tropica
Serology: rapid immunochromatographic test, ELISA, IFAT
PCR