General characteristics:

Question 1

Define parasitology:

Answer 1

Parasitology is the science that deals with organisms that take up their abodes (places) temporarily or permanently, on or within other living organisms.
* organisms that spend all or part of their lives as parasites in or on other organisms

Question 2

Parasite is applied to (in biology):

Answer 2

a weaker organism that obtains food and shelter from another organism and derives all the benefit from the association

Question 3

Define parasitism:

Answer 3

an intimate and obligatory relationship between two heterospecific organisms which the parasite, usually the smaller of the two partners, is metabolically dependant on the host

Question 4

Name different types of parasites:

Answer 4

Ectoparasites
Endoparasites
Extracellular
Intracellular
Permanent
Temporary
Obligate
Facultative

Question 5

What is an obligatory parasite?

Answer 5

A parasite that is completely dependant on the host during parts or all of its life cycle

Question 6

What is a facultative parasite:

Answer 6

An organism that does not absolutely depend on the parasite way of life, but is capable of adapting to it if placed in such relationship

Question 7

What is a permanent parasite?

Answer 7

A parasite that lives all of its life in or on animal (tapeworms, louse)

Question 8

What is a temporary parasite?

Answer 8

A parasite that lives a part of its life cycle in or on animals, like during feeding of mosquitos, ticks etc.

Question 9

Name different hosts:

Answer 9

Definitive
Intermediate
Paratenic

Question 10

Define a definitive host:

Answer 10

Harbors the adult or sexual stage of the parasite (where parasite reaches sexual maturity)

Question 11

Define intermediate host:

Answer 11

Is temporary, but required by parasite to complete its life cycle. Parasite usually undergoes morphological or physiological change in it.
Parasite does NOT reach sexual maturity.

Question 12

Define paratenic host:

Answer 12

Harbors the parasite in an arrested state of development. Optional transport host, there is no detectable morpholical changes in the host.

Question 13

List diagnostic methods in parasitology:

Answer 13

Coprological
Urine, skin
Haematological
Histopathological
Immunological
Molecular biological

Question 14

How should fresh fecal material be collected?

Answer 14

Directly from the rectum of large animals
Indirectly immediately after defecation in small animals

Question 15

What are pseudoparasites?

Answer 15

False parasites, organic or anorganic substances similar to the propagation stages of parasites (eggs, cysts, larvae)

Question 16

What criteria are used in the diagnosis of helminths eggs?

Answer 16

Size
Shape
Structure of shells
Internal structure
Colour

Question 17

Helminths and arthropoda are part of:

Answer 17

eukaryota

Question 18

Name interspecies relationships:

Answer 18

Symbiosis - both partners complement each other
Mutualism - both partners benefit each other
Commensalism - one benefits
Parasitism - one benefits, the other is harmed

Question 19

What is an accidental parasite?

Answer 19

When a parasite attacks an unnatural host and survives (eg rat tapeworm)

Question 20

What is an erratic parasite?

Answer 20

one that wanders into an organ in which it is not usually found

Question 21

What is an aberrant host?

Answer 21

a host in which a parasite cannot persist or develop for a longer time

Question 22

Name different specificities of parasites:

Answer 22

Host: stenotic or eurixic
Topic
Seasonal
Age

Question 23

Define what is the prevalence?

Answer 23

The proportion of infected individuals showing disease in a group of animals in a certain date.

Question 24

Define life cycle:

Answer 24

Life cycle describes the ontogenesis, development and reproduction of the parasite

Question 25

Name transmission mechanisms of parasites:

Answer 25

Horizontal - between individuals of the same generation
Vertical - transplacental or lactogenic
Iatrogenic - by physician or veterinarian

Question 26

Explain immune responses to parasites:

Answer 26

1. Inflammatory - first line of defence
2. Mast cells secrete cytokine
3. Macrophages and dendritic cells are activated
4. They kill phagocytosed parasites

Question 27

Name common waterborne parasites:

Answer 27

Giardia
Cryptosporidium

Question 28

Name common parasites found in meat:

Answer 28

Toxoplasma
Trichinella
Taenia
Gnathostoma

Question 29

What are basic structures of protozoan?

Answer 29

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm organelles: pseudopodium, flagellum, cilia
Nucleus: vesicular and compact