CT 1 Flashcards
Which are the important coccidian of chicken?
E. maxima, E. tenello
Which are the important coccidian of turkey?
E. galloparones, E. meleagridis, E. adenoeidea
Which are the important coccidian of goose?
E. truncata, E. anseris
Pathogenesis, clinical signs and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry:
Pathogenesis and clinical signs:
Destroy epithelium causing haemorrhage and malabsorption –> decreased production and weight gain –> death.
Treatment:
Coccidiostats, vaccination and sanitation.
Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted by:
Tse tse fly - Glossina spp.
Acute sleeping sickness is caused by:
T. rhodesiensis
Leishmania causes:
Damage of CNS, hyperplasia of cells; skin, mucosa and internal organs damages
Which station is salivaria?
Anterior
Which parasites have hydrogenosomes?
Trichomonas spp.
What is schizogeny?
An asexual reproduction method of protozoa
Leishmania reproduces by:
binary fission
What is the form of Leishmania in the blood?
Amastigote form
A facultative parasite is an organism that:
Does not absolutely depend on the parasite way of life
Suffix -idae belongs to:
Family
Describe the morphology of Trypanosoma:
Axoneme, kinetoplast, nucleus, volutin granules, flagellum and undulating membrane
Trypanosoma equiperdum development does not depend on:
vector
Which disease is not transmitted via the mouthparts of the insect?
South American trypanosomiasis
Visceral leishmaniosis is caused by:
L. donovani
L. donovani infantum
L. chagasi
Genus Trypanosoma is divided into:
Stercoraria and Salivaria
Trypanosoma cruzi is part of ……. and causes:
Stercoraria, causes Chagas disease
Trypanosoma brucei is part of …….., and divided into:
Salivaria
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and rhodensiense
Trypanosoma brucei causes:
Gambiense: Trypanosomiasis (chronic sleeping sickness) in W. Africa by Glossina spp (vector)
Rhodensiense: Trypanosomiasis (acute sleeping sickness) in E. Africa by Glossina spp.
Trypanosoma equiperdum in dog causes and diagnosis:
Cause: oedema, skin lesions, pruritus, CNS damage symptoms
Diagnosis: lavage of reproductive tract, puncture of skin lesions
Skin form of Leishmania and vectors:
L. tropica minor (dry) - Phlebotomus spp
L. tropica major (wet) - Phlebotomus spp.
L. peruviana (dog) - Lutzomyia spp.
L. mexicana complex (rodents) - Lutzomyia spp.
L. brasiliensis complex (mucocutaneous form) - Lutzomyia spp.
What are clinical symptoms of Leishmania?
Alopecia and blepharitis, ulcerative nasal mucocutaneous lesions, papular dermatitis, ulcerative lesions on the plantar surface of the paw, onychogryphosis, epistaxis, uveitis, purulent conjunctivitis, popliteal lymphadenomegaly, cachexia - chronic renal failure
What is the location of Histomonas meleagridis?
Digestive tract, liver and cecum
Where does sporogony of Cryptosporidium occur?
Inside host
What is the size of oocyst of Cryptosporidium?
4-6 µm
Texas cattle fever is caused by:
Babesia
Describe the location of Balatidium coli:
Intestinal tract of arthropods and some vertebrates mainly in pigs and humans
Haemoproteus is a parasite of:
Birds
Phylum of Trichomonads:
Sarcomastigophora
Position of small and large Babesia in erythrocytes:
Large: merozoites located centrally (larger than the radius of RBC)
Small: located in the periphery of the cell (smaller than the radius of RBC)
Pathology of Giardia, attachment of the trophozoite causes:
- Shortening of the villi
- Inflammation of crypts and lamina propria
- Lesions of mucosal cells
- Malabsorption syndrome (steatorrhea)
What is the pathology of Cryptosporidium? How is it diagnosed?
Watery acute diarrhoea, serious in young animals.
Diagnosis: finding thick-walled oocyst by faecal sample, carbon fuchsin staining, scrapings from the trachea of birds, ELISA, Abs
Pathology of toxoplasma:
Trophozoites directly destroy host cells, especially parenchymal and reticuloendothelial cells.
Lymph node infection, local hypersensitivity, blood vessel blockage, abortions, stillbirth, chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus
Pathology of histomonas, where are its lesions?
Lesions in caecum and liver, perforation in caecum and liver, large inflammed caecum, yellow diarrhoea, droopiness and black head.
Stages of Histomonas invasion;
- Invasive stage
- Vegetative stage
- Resistant stage
- Flagellated stage
Sarcocystis is transmitted by:
Cysts
What is the species responsible for East Coast Fever:
Theileria parva parva
Theileria parva bovis is responsible for:
January disease
Theileria parva lawrencei cause:
COrridor disease
Theileria annulata causes:
Mediterrenean Coast fever
Species of Babesia and vectors:
B. bigemina, major, ovata - cattle
B. motasi - small Ru
B. caballi - horses
B. canis - dogs
B. trautmanni - pigs
Vectors: Dermacentor reticulatus, Ixodes ricinus, Boophilus, Rhidicephalus, Hyalomma
What genera is Encephalitozoon cuniculi?
Microsporida
What are the differences between Tachyzoites and Bradyzoites of toxoplasma gondii?
Motile coccidians:
* Tachyzoites divide fast, are found in pseudocysts
* Bradyzoites divide slower because of antibody effect, found in tissue cyst
Leucocytozoon simondi is a parasite of what kind of host?
Birds
Eimeria stiedae, host and location:
Rabbit - bile duct and liver
Neosporium caninum (Sarcocystidae) life cycle and pathogenesis
Oocyst from dog to environment –> Bo ingest sporulated oocyst and release tachyzoites –> penetrate epithelium and migrate to tissues –> bradyzoites –> cysts –> tachyzoites through placenta –> dog eat infected maternal placenta –> sexual reproduction in intestine
Pathology: intermediate host (Eq, Bo) - abortion
What is the cause of neonatal diarrhoea in pigs?
Isospora suis
Phlebotomae and Lutzomyia are vectors of:
Leishmania - sandfly
What diphteria are vectors of Trypanosoma equiperdum?
none. it transmits by intercourse.
Tritrichomonas foetus has how many flagella?
3 anterior and 1 posterior flagella
How do you diagnose giardiasis?
Aspiration from duodenum and sample of faeces by flotation method according to Faust every 3 days
What is the vector of Trypanosoma?
Glossina spp. (tse tse fly)
Where does gametogony of Babesia occur?
Formation of gamonts in mammalian RBC. Gametogony in intestinal cell of tick.
What causes blackhead disease?
Histomonas meleagridis
In which form is Babesia found in vertebrate?
Sporozoite, merozoite and gamont
Where does sporogeny occur in Eimeria?
Outside host, in environment (depend on temperature, humidity and O2)
How to diagnose Trichomonas?
By clinical signs, agent identification and serological tests.
T. gallinae - swap of oesophageus from pigeons
T. foetus - swab from vagina in first few days. Bull = examination of sperm. Abortion = examination of amniotic fluid.
What is intravital diagnosis of sarcocysts?
Biopsy of specimens and serological tests
What does pseudocysts contain?
Tachyzoites
Where does Histomonas reproduce?
First at the caeca and then liver
Where is the flagellated form of Histomonas?
Inside the lumen of the caeca
The ending for order is:
-ida
The final host of Sarcocysts is:
carnivores
The final host of Neospora is:
Dog
The sporogeny of the Sarcocystis is:
In the lamina propria of the final host
How many flagella are in Trichomonas foetus?
4 anterior flagella, one of them extended backwards
How does Trypanosoma move?
By a single flagellum
Which station is salivaria?
Anterior
Trichomonas foetus is transmitted by:
Infected bulls
Giardia intestinalis is located:
extracellularly
Which organelles does not belong to apical complex?
Mitochondrian
Sporogony is:
Asexual proliferation phase of most coccidians
Gamogony of Toxoplasma gondii occurs in the small intestine of:
Cats
Cryptosporidium baileyi occurs in:
Poultry
The vector of human Plasmodium is:
Anopheles
Schizogony of Theileria spp. occurs in:
Ingestion of tick
To which order does Giardia belong to?
Order Dipmomadida
Where is the flagellated form of Histomonas?
Inside the lumen of the caeca
What is the best idenfitication method for Giardia intestinalis?
Idenfitication of the cyst or trophozoite using flotation method according to Faust - 33% ZnSO2 solution
Mention the basic taxonomical units:
Phylum (-a) - Class - Order (-ida) - Family (-idae) - Genus - Species
The basic systematic unit is:
Species
Describe types of parasitism:
Facultative - does not absolutely depend on parasitic way of life
Obligatory - completely dependant on the host during parts or all of its life
Accidental parasite - when a parasite attacks an unnatural host and survives
Erratic parasite - when a parasite wanders into an organ in which it is usually not found
What is schizogeny?
Asexual reprouction
Describe asexual ways of reprodduction:
Binary fission: one cell divides into two daughter cells
Schizogony: nucleus divides several times before cytoplasm starts to divide - merozont/schizont (dividing cell) + merozoite/schizoite (daughter cell)
Budding: portions of a parent cell differentiate and develop into one individual
Endogeny: mother cell splits into two daughter cells
Sexual reproduction:
Two gametes fuse into zygote, and then sporogony (division of zygote into many sporozoites)
Decribe infection grades:
+ up to 5 eggs per drop
++ up to 10 eggs per drop
+++ over 10 eggs per drop
How do you do direct microscopic examination method?
Small quantity of faeces on a microscopical slide + drop of water and mix.
Cover slip and examine.
Describe flotation method:
3g sample + 15-20 ml water into semisolid suspension.
Filter and pour into a 15 ml centrifugation tube.
Centrifuge 2 min at 2500 rpm.
Discard supernatant.
Add flotation solution to 1/3 of tube.
Resuspend sediment.
Centrifuge 2 min at 2500 rpm.
Pick up 3 drops using parasitic loop –> glass slide and microscope
Faust method:
33% ZnSO4, gravity 1.18 to check for protozoans of carnivores.
Kozak-magna:
Gravity 1.24 for cestode and nematode eggs of Ru, Eq, Su and rodents
Breza method:
Gravity 1.3 for cestode and nematode eggs of Ru, Eq, Su and rodents
Digestive method:
15 g of fresh meat + 40 ml digestive solution in electric mixer.
Digest for 30 min.
Filtrate into 4 tubes.
Centrifuge 5 min at 1000 rpm.
Remove supernatant.
Mix sediment from all tubes into one tube.
Centrifuge for 2 min at 1000 rpm.
Remove supernatant.
Take 2-3 drops of sediment on glass slide.
Cover with a cover slip and examine in microscope.
Incubation time:
Time between infection and manifestation of disease symptom
Prepatent period:
Time from infective stage of parasite enters host to observation of eggs in hosts faeces
Bionomics:
Study of external requirements (temp, humidity, nutrition, pH) for survival and efficacy of organism/parasite
Cysts are:
when parasite forms a thick wall around itself to become more resistant
Pseudoparasite is:
an ingested organism that resemble a parasite
A spore is:
a unit of sexual or asexual reprouction
Trophozoite is:
vegetative, motile stage of protozoa
Spurious parasite:
Parasite egg/cyst from another species found in the faeces of predator/scavenger (not true parasite)
What is a kinetoplast?
An organ containig DNA in the order Kinetoplastida
Morphology of Trypanosoma:
Axoneme, kinetoplast, flagellar pocket, undulating membrane, flagellum, nucleus, mitochondria, volutin granules
Describe developmental stages of Trypanosoma:
Amastigote: oval, no flagellum
Promastigote: elongated shape, kinetoplast in front of nucleus, flagellum
Epimastigote: undulating membrane
Trypomastigote: kinetoplast behind nucleus, undulating membrane, flagellum
Differences between Stercoraria and Salivaria trypanosomosis:
Finish life cycle, transmission, location, reservoir host
Stercoraria:
* FInish life cycle in caudal part of GIT
* Transmission in faeces by vector
* Macrophages, epithelial cells, muscle cells and neurons
* Reservoir host is armadillo, raccoon, opossum, su, ca and fel
Salivaria:
* Finish life cycle in front part of GIT
* Transmission by sucking of blood (tse tse fly, horsefly) and mechanically (T. equiperdum)
* Extracellularly, plasma, lymph, CS liquid
* Reservoir host is rodents, ru, ca, and fel
Trypanosoma equiperdum is transmitted:
Dourine by coitus (not vector)
Diagnosis of Trypanosoma equiperdum:
Symptoms,diagnosis, pathologies
Symptoms: oedema, skin lesions, pruritus and CNS damage symptoms.
Microscopy: lavage of reproductive tract, puncture of skin lesions (movement).
Serology - ELISA, CFT, IFaA
Path.anatomy: anaemia, cachexia, skin lesions, genitalia
Trypanosoma belongs to which order?
Trypanosomatida
How many free flagella does Trypanosoma have?
1 or none, depending on developmental stage
What stage of T. cruzii multiplies in vertebrate host?
Amastigote
Who does not have mitochondria?
Diplomonadidae
Trichomonadidae
Trichomonas, trypanosomas, giardia (hydrogenosome)
T. cruzii belongs to:
Stercoraria or salivaria?
Stercoraria (posterior) station group
Giardia intestinalis (duodenalis) belongs to order:
Diplomonadida
Giardia duodenalis is located:
Small intestine extracellularly
Giardia form of transmission:
Water and food containing cysts (faecal-oral)
Number of flagella in Giardia:
8
Key factors of the cyst in Giardia:
Oval
4 nuclei
Anterior end
Axostyle
Cell wall
Karyosome
8-14 x 6-10 µm
Faeces
Name two forms of Giardia:
- Trophozoites = vegetative stage
* pear-shape, duodenum and jejenum, adhesive disc - Cyst = infective stage
How does Giardia reproduce?
Binary fission
Pathogenicity of Eimeria and clinical signs:
Pathogenicity:
Changes in intestinal mucous membrane, severeness depends on the concentration of parasites and length of invasion of mucosa.
E. tenella in mucosa or submucosa can cause severe damage and bleeding. Local impairment of food adsorption.
E. acervulina damage villi –> flattened, adsorption of nutrients decrease. Sporozoite penetrate epithelium –> schizont.
CLinical signs: less appetite, anorexic, listless, dullness, haemorrhagic diarrhoea
In chicken, Eimeria causes changes in:
E. tenella - caecum
E. necatrix - small intestine and caecum
Diagnosis of Eimeriosis is based on examination of:
Faeces by flotation method.
Scraping of epithelial layer of the gut.
Place of sporogony in Eimeria and Isospora:
Eimeria: outside host in faeces, in the environment
Isospora: can have dormant stages in liver where it forms cyst (in paratenic host)
How many sporocysts are in Eimeria and Isospora?
Eimeria: 4 sporocysts + 2 sporozoites
Isospora: 2 sporocysts + 4 sporozoites
Sample for intravital diagnosis of Isospora are taken from:
faeces using flotation method
Phylum of Trichomonads:
Parabasala
How to diagnose Trichomonas:
By clinical signs, agent identification, serological tests
T. foetus: lavage of reproductive tract, vaginal and preputial samples (PBS, saline)
Bull = sperm and preputial sac. Abortion = amniotic fluid.
T. gallinae = swab of crop of pigeons
Which group of protozoa produces an axostyle?
Order Trichomonadidae
Form of transmission of Trichomonas foetus:
Intercourse, artificial examination, gynecological examination
Host of Trichomonas foetus:
Large ruminants (cows)
Principle host of Trichomonas gallinae:
Pigeon, chicken, turkey, wild birds
What is the form of reproduction in family Trichomonadidae?
Longitudinal binary fission
Intravital diagnosis of Trichomonosis in pigeons:
Lesions of upper gastrointestinal tract: mouth, pharynx, oesophageus, crop and proventriculus
Pathology of histomonas and its lesions:
Necrotic lesions in caecum and liver, perforation in caecum and liver, large inflamed caecum, yellow diarrhoea, droopiness and black head.
Invasive stage - Vegetative - Resistant - Flagellated
How is Histomonas transmitted?
In the eggs of the caecal worm: Heterakis gallinarum (vector)
Morphology of sporulated oocysts of Cryptosporida:
They contain 4 free sporozoites
Clinical signs of C. parvum:
Anorexia, diarrhoea, reduced growth, malabsorption
Species of Cryptosporidium in poultry and mammals:
Poultry: C. baileyi (chicken), C. meleagridis (turkey)
Mammals: C. parvum, C. muris
Reptiles: C. crotali
Fish: C. nasorum
Intermediate host of Sarcocystis tenella (S. ovicanis) is:
Sheep
Prepatent period of Sarcocystis:
Duration
FInal host: 7-9 days
Intermediate host: 2-3 months
Sporogony of Sarcocystis occurs:
In lamina propria of final host intestine, which gives parasite enough oxygen to develop
Sarcocystis with cattle as intermediate host:
S. bovicanis
S. bovifelis
S. bovihominis
Morphology of sporocyst of Sarcocystis:
2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites each
Sample for diagnosis of Sarcocystis species in carnivores:
In carnivore faeces and ruminant muscle
What is intravital diagnosis of Sarcocysts?
Biopsy of specimens, flotation method
Sarcocystidae bovicanis is which disease?
Deelmany disease
Reproduction of Sarcocystis species in muscle by cystis called:
Endogeny: merozoite penetrate muscle cell and induce formation of a tissue cyst, within the cyst parasites reproduce by endogeny and create 1000 bradyzoites.
Endopolygeny –> 100 merozoites from schizonts first stage.
Another name of S. bovicanis:
S. cruzi
Another name of S. bovihominis:
S. hirsute
Another name of S. ovicanis:
S. tenella
Another name of S. equicanis:
S. bertrami
Another name of S. capracanis:
S. moulei
Final host of Toxoplasma gondii life cycle:
Cats
Intermediate host of Toxoplasma gondii life cycle:
Dogs + mammals, birds and humans
What is the size of oocyst of Toxoplasma gondii?
12µm
Bradyzoites divide by:
endodygony
Gametogony of T. gondii occurs in the small intestine of:
carnivores (felidae)
How is human infected by toxoplasma?
Ingestion of sporulated oocysts (cat faeces)
Ingestion of zoites (undercooked meat)
Congenital infection (only during acute stage)
Organ transplants (chronic infection in donor due to immunosuppression)
Blood transfusions (only during acute stage)
Neospora caninum occurs in which species and what are the clinical signs?
Dog and cattle
Hind leg paralysis and abortion in cattle
Neosporium caninum pathogenesis:
Oocyst from dog to environment
–> ingestion by intermediate host (Bo) and tachyzoites released
–> penetrate epitheloum and migrate to tissues - bradyzoites
–> Cysts
–> Tachyzoites through placenta - congenital
–> dog eat infected placenta –> sexual reproduction in intestine
What is the host of Babesia?
Intermediate: vertebral (all domestic animals)
Final: invertebral (hard ticks)
Babesia major vector:
Haemphysalis punctata
B. motasi host:
Sheep and goat
B. divergens host and vector:
Host: cattle and humans
Vector: ixodes ricinus
Species of Babesia in cattle:
B. bigemina, B. major, B. divergens, B. ovata, B. occultans, B. beliceri
B. caballi host:
Horses
B. canis host:
Dogs
B. trautmanni host:
Pigs
Texas cattle fever is caused by:
Babesia bovis and B. bigemina
Size of Babesia:
Small: 1-1.25 µm
Large: 2.5-5 µm
Babesia is a parasite of:
Intraerythrocytic in domestic animals
Schizogony of Theileria spp. occurs in:
Lymphocytes
Theileria is found in which animals?
Ruminants
Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon from family Plasmodidae causes:
Avian malaria in domestic and wild birds
Most common Plasmodium and which is a pathogen?
P. vivax is most common
P. falciparum is most pathogenic
Most common vector of Plasmodium:
Anopheles spp. and Culex spp.
Name species of Leucocytozoon and vectors:
L. simondi - duck, geese
L. smithi - turkey
L. naevi - fowl
L. cauleryi, sabrasezi - chicken
Vector: Simuliidae
Genus Leucocytozoon causes:
Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
Haemoproteus columbae - vector and pathogenesis:
Vector: Hypoboscidae, biting midges
Pathologies:
Ec decay, anaemia, hypertrophy of liver and spleen
Name pathology caused by Plasmodium praecox, gallinaceum and juxtanucleare:
Fever, splenomegaly and anaemia
Describe the location of Balatidium coli:
Intestinal tract of arthropods and some vertebrates mainly pigs and humans
Haemoproteus is a parasite of:
birds
Hepatozoon canis is transmitted by:
ingestion of tick
3 main types of parasites:
Protozoans
Helminths
Arthropods
Name types of parasitism:
Commensalism –> commensal benefit from the host without harming it
Mutualism –> organisms advantage, but without interdependence
Symbiose –>
Parasitism
Ectoparasites vs endoparasites:
Ecto - infestation
Endo - infection
Types of host spectrum:
Monoxenic parasites: 1 obligatory host species
Heteroxenic: several obligatory hosts/intermediate hosts
Define hyper parasitism:
A parasite infect another parasite
Define parasitiasis:
association between 2 organism but the pathogenic one does not cause outward signs of disease
Define parasitosis:
one organism injure the other and cause outward signs of disease
Paratenic host is a:
Transport host
What criteria do you determine in lab?
Size:
* small –> 60 µm, medium 60-100 µm, large 100,1-200 µm, XL over 200,1 µm
Shape
* symmetrical, asymmetrical, ovoid, oval, elliptic, pherical, sub-spherical
Shell structure
* thickness, number, special structures, 2 thin shells
Internal structure
* sporulated/unsporulated, nuclei, spores, cysts
Colour
