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Parasitology > CT 1 > Flashcards

CT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which are the important coccidian of chicken?

A

E. maxima, E. tenello

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2
Q

Which are the important coccidian of turkey?

A

E. galloparones, E. meleagridis, E. adenoeidea

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3
Q

Which are the important coccidian of goose?

A

E. truncata, E. anseris

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4
Q

Pathogenesis, clinical signs and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry:

A

Pathogenesis and clinical signs:
Destroy epithelium causing haemorrhage and malabsorption –> decreased production and weight gain –> death.

Treatment:
Coccidiostats, vaccination and sanitation.

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5
Q

Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted by:

A

Tse tse fly - Glossina spp.

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6
Q

Acute sleeping sickness is caused by:

A

T. rhodesiensis

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7
Q

Leishmania causes:

A

Damage of CNS, hyperplasia of cells; skin, mucosa and internal organs damages

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8
Q

Which station is salivaria?

A

Anterior

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9
Q

Which parasites have hydrogenosomes?

A

Trichomonas spp.

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10
Q

What is schizogeny?

A

An asexual reproduction method of protozoa

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11
Q

Leishmania reproduces by:

A

binary fission

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12
Q

What is the form of Leishmania in the blood?

A

Amastigote form

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13
Q

A facultative parasite is an organism that:

A

Does not absolutely depend on the parasite way of life

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14
Q

Suffix -idae belongs to:

A

Family

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15
Q

Describe the morphology of Trypanosoma:

A

Axoneme, kinetoplast, nucleus, volutin granules, flagellum and undulating membrane

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16
Q

Trypanosoma equiperdum development does not depend on:

A

vector

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17
Q

Which disease is not transmitted via the mouthparts of the insect?

A

South American trypanosomiasis

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18
Q

Visceral leishmaniosis is caused by:

A

L. donovani
L. donovani infantum
L. chagasi

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19
Q

Genus Trypanosoma is divided into:

A

Stercoraria and Salivaria

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20
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi is part of ……. and causes:

A

Stercoraria, causes Chagas disease

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21
Q

Trypanosoma brucei is part of …….., and divided into:

A

Salivaria
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and rhodensiense

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22
Q

Trypanosoma brucei causes:

A

Gambiense: Trypanosomiasis (chronic sleeping sickness) in W. Africa by Glossina spp (vector)

Rhodensiense: Trypanosomiasis (acute sleeping sickness) in E. Africa by Glossina spp.

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23
Q

Trypanosoma equiperdum in dog causes and diagnosis:

A

Cause: oedema, skin lesions, pruritus, CNS damage symptoms

Diagnosis: lavage of reproductive tract, puncture of skin lesions

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24
Q

Skin form of Leishmania and vectors:

A

L. tropica minor (dry) - Phlebotomus spp
L. tropica major (wet) - Phlebotomus spp.
L. peruviana (dog) - Lutzomyia spp.
L. mexicana complex (rodents) - Lutzomyia spp.
L. brasiliensis complex (mucocutaneous form) - Lutzomyia spp.

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25
Q

What are clinical symptoms of Leishmania?

A

Alopecia and blepharitis, ulcerative nasal mucocutaneous lesions, papular dermatitis, ulcerative lesions on the plantar surface of the paw, onychogryphosis, epistaxis, uveitis, purulent conjunctivitis, popliteal lymphadenomegaly, cachexia - chronic renal failure

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26
Q

What is the location of Histomonas meleagridis?

A

Digestive tract, liver and cecum

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27
Q

Where does sporogony of Cryptosporidium occur?

A

Inside host

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28
Q

What is the size of oocyst of Cryptosporidium?

A

4-6 µm

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29
Q

Texas cattle fever is caused by:

A

Babesia

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30
Q

Describe the location of Balatidium coli:

A

Intestinal tract of arthropods and some vertebrates mainly in pigs and humans

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31
Q

Haemoproteus is a parasite of:

A

Birds

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32
Q

Phylum of Trichomonads:

A

Sarcomastigophora

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33
Q

Position of small and large Babesia in erythrocytes:

A

Large: merozoites located centrally (larger than the radius of RBC)
Small: located in the periphery of the cell (smaller than the radius of RBC)

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34
Q

Pathology of Giardia, attachment of the trophozoite causes:

A
  1. Shortening of the villi
  2. Inflammation of crypts and lamina propria
  3. Lesions of mucosal cells
  4. Malabsorption syndrome (steatorrhea)
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35
Q

What is the pathology of Cryptosporidium? How is it diagnosed?

A

Watery acute diarrhoea, serious in young animals.
Diagnosis: finding thick-walled oocyst by faecal sample, carbon fuchsin staining, scrapings from the trachea of birds, ELISA, Abs

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36
Q

Pathology of toxoplasma:

A

Trophozoites directly destroy host cells, especially parenchymal and reticuloendothelial cells.
Lymph node infection, local hypersensitivity, blood vessel blockage, abortions, stillbirth, chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus

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37
Q

Pathology of histomonas, where are its lesions?

A

Lesions in caecum and liver, perforation in caecum and liver, large inflammed caecum, yellow diarrhoea, droopiness and black head.

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38
Q

Stages of Histomonas invasion;

A
  1. Invasive stage
  2. Vegetative stage
  3. Resistant stage
  4. Flagellated stage
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39
Q

Sarcocystis is transmitted by:

A

Cysts

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40
Q

What is the species responsible for East Coast Fever:

A

Theileria parva parva

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41
Q

Theileria parva bovis is responsible for:

A

January disease

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42
Q

Theileria parva lawrencei cause:

A

COrridor disease

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43
Q

Theileria annulata causes:

A

Mediterrenean Coast fever

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44
Q

Species of Babesia and vectors:

A

B. bigemina, major, ovata - cattle
B. motasi - small Ru
B. caballi - horses
B. canis - dogs
B. trautmanni - pigs

Vectors: Dermacentor reticulatus, Ixodes ricinus, Boophilus, Rhidicephalus, Hyalomma

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45
Q

What genera is Encephalitozoon cuniculi?

A

Microsporida

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46
Q

What are the differences between Tachyzoites and Bradyzoites of toxoplasma gondii?

A

Motile coccidians:
* Tachyzoites divide fast, are found in pseudocysts
* Bradyzoites divide slower because of antibody effect, found in tissue cyst

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47
Q

Leucocytozoon simondi is a parasite of what kind of host?

A

Birds

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48
Q

Eimeria stiedae, host and location:

A

Rabbit - bile duct and liver

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49
Q

Neosporium caninum (Sarcocystidae) life cycle and pathogenesis

A

Oocyst from dog to environment –> Bo ingest sporulated oocyst and release tachyzoites –> penetrate epithelium and migrate to tissues –> bradyzoites –> cysts –> tachyzoites through placenta –> dog eat infected maternal placenta –> sexual reproduction in intestine

Pathology: intermediate host (Eq, Bo) - abortion

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50
Q

What is the cause of neonatal diarrhoea in pigs?

A

Isospora suis

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51
Q

Phlebotomae and Lutzomyia are vectors of:

A

Leishmania - sandfly

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52
Q

What diphteria are vectors of Trypanosoma equiperdum?

A

none. it transmits by intercourse.

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53
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus has how many flagella?

A

3 anterior and 1 posterior flagella

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54
Q

How do you diagnose giardiasis?

A

Aspiration from duodenum and sample of faeces by flotation method according to Faust every 3 days

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55
Q

What is the vector of Trypanosoma?

A

Glossina spp. (tse tse fly)

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56
Q

Where does gametogony of Babesia occur?

A

Formation of gamonts in mammalian RBC. Gametogony in intestinal cell of tick.

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57
Q

What causes blackhead disease?

A

Histomonas meleagridis

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58
Q

In which form is Babesia found in vertebrate?

A

Sporozoite, merozoite and gamont

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59
Q

Where does sporogeny occur in Eimeria?

A

Outside host, in environment (depend on temperature, humidity and O2)

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60
Q

How to diagnose Trichomonas?

A

By clinical signs, agent identification and serological tests.
T. gallinae - swap of oesophageus from pigeons
T. foetus - swab from vagina in first few days. Bull = examination of sperm. Abortion = examination of amniotic fluid.

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61
Q

What is intravital diagnosis of sarcocysts?

A

Biopsy of specimens and serological tests

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62
Q

What does pseudocysts contain?

A

Tachyzoites

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63
Q

Where does Histomonas reproduce?

A

First at the caeca and then liver

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64
Q

Where is the flagellated form of Histomonas?

A

Inside the lumen of the caeca

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65
Q

The ending for order is:

A

-ida

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66
Q

The final host of Sarcocysts is:

A

carnivores

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67
Q

The final host of Neospora is:

A

Dog

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68
Q

The sporogeny of the Sarcocystis is:

A

In the lamina propria of the final host

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69
Q

How many flagella are in Trichomonas foetus?

A

4 anterior flagella, one of them extended backwards

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70
Q

How does Trypanosoma move?

A

By a single flagellum

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71
Q

Which station is salivaria?

A

Anterior

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72
Q

Trichomonas foetus is transmitted by:

A

Infected bulls

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73
Q

Giardia intestinalis is located:

A

extracellularly

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74
Q

Which organelles does not belong to apical complex?

A

Mitochondrian

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75
Q

Sporogony is:

A

Asexual proliferation phase of most coccidians

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76
Q

Gamogony of Toxoplasma gondii occurs in the small intestine of:

A

Cats

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77
Q

Cryptosporidium baileyi occurs in:

A

Poultry

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78
Q

The vector of human Plasmodium is:

A

Anopheles

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79
Q

Schizogony of Theileria spp. occurs in:

A

Ingestion of tick

80
Q

To which order does Giardia belong to?

A

Order Dipmomadida

81
Q

Where is the flagellated form of Histomonas?

A

Inside the lumen of the caeca

82
Q

What is the best idenfitication method for Giardia intestinalis?

A

Idenfitication of the cyst or trophozoite using flotation method according to Faust - 33% ZnSO2 solution

83
Q

Mention the basic taxonomical units:

A

Phylum (-a) - Class - Order (-ida) - Family (-idae) - Genus - Species

84
Q

The basic systematic unit is:

A

Species

85
Q

Describe types of parasitism:

A

Facultative - does not absolutely depend on parasitic way of life
Obligatory - completely dependant on the host during parts or all of its life
Accidental parasite - when a parasite attacks an unnatural host and survives
Erratic parasite - when a parasite wanders into an organ in which it is usually not found

86
Q

What is schizogeny?

A

Asexual reprouction

87
Q

Describe asexual ways of reprodduction:

A

Binary fission: one cell divides into two daughter cells
Schizogony: nucleus divides several times before cytoplasm starts to divide - merozont/schizont (dividing cell) + merozoite/schizoite (daughter cell)
Budding: portions of a parent cell differentiate and develop into one individual
Endogeny: mother cell splits into two daughter cells

88
Q

Sexual reproduction:

A

Two gametes fuse into zygote, and then sporogony (division of zygote into many sporozoites)

89
Q

Decribe infection grades:

A

+ up to 5 eggs per drop
++ up to 10 eggs per drop
+++ over 10 eggs per drop

90
Q

How do you do direct microscopic examination method?

A

Small quantity of faeces on a microscopical slide + drop of water and mix.
Cover slip and examine.

91
Q

Describe flotation method:

A

3g sample + 15-20 ml water into semisolid suspension.
Filter and pour into a 15 ml centrifugation tube.
Centrifuge 2 min at 2500 rpm.
Discard supernatant.
Add flotation solution to 1/3 of tube.
Resuspend sediment.
Centrifuge 2 min at 2500 rpm.
Pick up 3 drops using parasitic loop –> glass slide and microscope

92
Q

Faust method:

A

33% ZnSO4, gravity 1.18 to check for protozoans of carnivores.

93
Q

Kozak-magna:

A

Gravity 1.24 for cestode and nematode eggs of Ru, Eq, Su and rodents

94
Q

Breza method:

A

Gravity 1.3 for cestode and nematode eggs of Ru, Eq, Su and rodents

95
Q

Digestive method:

A

15 g of fresh meat + 40 ml digestive solution in electric mixer.
Digest for 30 min.
Filtrate into 4 tubes.
Centrifuge 5 min at 1000 rpm.
Remove supernatant.
Mix sediment from all tubes into one tube.
Centrifuge for 2 min at 1000 rpm.
Remove supernatant.
Take 2-3 drops of sediment on glass slide.
Cover with a cover slip and examine in microscope.

96
Q

Incubation time:

A

Time between infection and manifestation of disease symptom

97
Q

Prepatent period:

A

Time from infective stage of parasite enters host to observation of eggs in hosts faeces

98
Q

Bionomics:

A

Study of external requirements (temp, humidity, nutrition, pH) for survival and efficacy of organism/parasite

99
Q

Cysts are:

A

when parasite forms a thick wall around itself to become more resistant

100
Q

Pseudoparasite is:

A

an ingested organism that resemble a parasite

101
Q

A spore is:

A

a unit of sexual or asexual reprouction

102
Q

Trophozoite is:

A

vegetative, motile stage of protozoa

103
Q

Spurious parasite:

A

Parasite egg/cyst from another species found in the faeces of predator/scavenger (not true parasite)

104
Q

What is a kinetoplast?

A

An organ containig DNA in the order Kinetoplastida

105
Q

Morphology of Trypanosoma:

A

Axoneme, kinetoplast, flagellar pocket, undulating membrane, flagellum, nucleus, mitochondria, volutin granules

106
Q

Describe developmental stages of Trypanosoma:

A

Amastigote: oval, no flagellum
Promastigote: elongated shape, kinetoplast in front of nucleus, flagellum
Epimastigote: undulating membrane
Trypomastigote: kinetoplast behind nucleus, undulating membrane, flagellum

107
Q

Differences between Stercoraria and Salivaria trypanosomosis:

Finish life cycle, transmission, location, reservoir host

A

Stercoraria:
* FInish life cycle in caudal part of GIT
* Transmission in faeces by vector
* Macrophages, epithelial cells, muscle cells and neurons
* Reservoir host is armadillo, raccoon, opossum, su, ca and fel

Salivaria:
* Finish life cycle in front part of GIT
* Transmission by sucking of blood (tse tse fly, horsefly) and mechanically (T. equiperdum)
* Extracellularly, plasma, lymph, CS liquid
* Reservoir host is rodents, ru, ca, and fel

108
Q

Trypanosoma equiperdum is transmitted:

A

Dourine by coitus (not vector)

109
Q

Diagnosis of Trypanosoma equiperdum:

Symptoms,diagnosis, pathologies

A

Symptoms: oedema, skin lesions, pruritus and CNS damage symptoms.
Microscopy: lavage of reproductive tract, puncture of skin lesions (movement).
Serology - ELISA, CFT, IFaA
Path.anatomy: anaemia, cachexia, skin lesions, genitalia

110
Q

Trypanosoma belongs to which order?

A

Trypanosomatida

111
Q

How many free flagella does Trypanosoma have?

A

1 or none, depending on developmental stage

112
Q

What stage of T. cruzii multiplies in vertebrate host?

A

Amastigote

113
Q

Who does not have mitochondria?

A

Diplomonadidae
Trichomonadidae
Trichomonas, trypanosomas, giardia (hydrogenosome)

114
Q

T. cruzii belongs to:

Stercoraria or salivaria?

A

Stercoraria (posterior) station group

115
Q

Giardia intestinalis (duodenalis) belongs to order:

A

Diplomonadida

116
Q

Giardia duodenalis is located:

A

Small intestine extracellularly

117
Q

Giardia form of transmission:

A

Water and food containing cysts (faecal-oral)

118
Q

Number of flagella in Giardia:

A

8

119
Q

Key factors of the cyst in Giardia:

A

Oval
4 nuclei
Anterior end
Axostyle
Cell wall
Karyosome
8-14 x 6-10 µm
Faeces

120
Q

Name two forms of Giardia:

A
  1. Trophozoites = vegetative stage
    * pear-shape, duodenum and jejenum, adhesive disc
  2. Cyst = infective stage
121
Q

How does Giardia reproduce?

A

Binary fission

122
Q

Pathogenicity of Eimeria and clinical signs:

A

Pathogenicity:
Changes in intestinal mucous membrane, severeness depends on the concentration of parasites and length of invasion of mucosa.
E. tenella in mucosa or submucosa can cause severe damage and bleeding. Local impairment of food adsorption.
E. acervulina damage villi –> flattened, adsorption of nutrients decrease. Sporozoite penetrate epithelium –> schizont.

CLinical signs: less appetite, anorexic, listless, dullness, haemorrhagic diarrhoea

123
Q

In chicken, Eimeria causes changes in:

A

E. tenella - caecum
E. necatrix - small intestine and caecum

124
Q

Diagnosis of Eimeriosis is based on examination of:

A

Faeces by flotation method.
Scraping of epithelial layer of the gut.

125
Q

Place of sporogony in Eimeria and Isospora:

A

Eimeria: outside host in faeces, in the environment
Isospora: can have dormant stages in liver where it forms cyst (in paratenic host)

126
Q

How many sporocysts are in Eimeria and Isospora?

A

Eimeria: 4 sporocysts + 2 sporozoites
Isospora: 2 sporocysts + 4 sporozoites

127
Q

Sample for intravital diagnosis of Isospora are taken from:

A

faeces using flotation method

128
Q

Phylum of Trichomonads:

A

Parabasala

129
Q

How to diagnose Trichomonas:

A

By clinical signs, agent identification, serological tests

T. foetus: lavage of reproductive tract, vaginal and preputial samples (PBS, saline)
Bull = sperm and preputial sac. Abortion = amniotic fluid.
T. gallinae = swab of crop of pigeons

130
Q

Which group of protozoa produces an axostyle?

A

Order Trichomonadidae

131
Q

Form of transmission of Trichomonas foetus:

A

Intercourse, artificial examination, gynecological examination

132
Q

Host of Trichomonas foetus:

A

Large ruminants (cows)

133
Q

Principle host of Trichomonas gallinae:

A

Pigeon, chicken, turkey, wild birds

134
Q

What is the form of reproduction in family Trichomonadidae?

A

Longitudinal binary fission

135
Q

Intravital diagnosis of Trichomonosis in pigeons:

A

Lesions of upper gastrointestinal tract: mouth, pharynx, oesophageus, crop and proventriculus

136
Q

Pathology of histomonas and its lesions:

A

Necrotic lesions in caecum and liver, perforation in caecum and liver, large inflamed caecum, yellow diarrhoea, droopiness and black head.
Invasive stage - Vegetative - Resistant - Flagellated

137
Q

How is Histomonas transmitted?

A

In the eggs of the caecal worm: Heterakis gallinarum (vector)

138
Q

Morphology of sporulated oocysts of Cryptosporida:

A

They contain 4 free sporozoites

139
Q

Clinical signs of C. parvum:

A

Anorexia, diarrhoea, reduced growth, malabsorption

140
Q

Species of Cryptosporidium in poultry and mammals:

A

Poultry: C. baileyi (chicken), C. meleagridis (turkey)
Mammals: C. parvum, C. muris
Reptiles: C. crotali
Fish: C. nasorum

141
Q

Intermediate host of Sarcocystis tenella (S. ovicanis) is:

A

Sheep

142
Q

Prepatent period of Sarcocystis:

Duration

A

FInal host: 7-9 days
Intermediate host: 2-3 months

143
Q

Sporogony of Sarcocystis occurs:

A

In lamina propria of final host intestine, which gives parasite enough oxygen to develop

144
Q

Sarcocystis with cattle as intermediate host:

A

S. bovicanis
S. bovifelis
S. bovihominis

145
Q

Morphology of sporocyst of Sarcocystis:

A

2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites each

146
Q

Sample for diagnosis of Sarcocystis species in carnivores:

A

In carnivore faeces and ruminant muscle

147
Q

What is intravital diagnosis of Sarcocysts?

A

Biopsy of specimens, flotation method

148
Q

Sarcocystidae bovicanis is which disease?

A

Deelmany disease

149
Q

Reproduction of Sarcocystis species in muscle by cystis called:

A

Endogeny: merozoite penetrate muscle cell and induce formation of a tissue cyst, within the cyst parasites reproduce by endogeny and create 1000 bradyzoites.
Endopolygeny –> 100 merozoites from schizonts first stage.

150
Q

Another name of S. bovicanis:

A

S. cruzi

151
Q

Another name of S. bovihominis:

A

S. hirsute

152
Q

Another name of S. ovicanis:

A

S. tenella

153
Q

Another name of S. equicanis:

A

S. bertrami

154
Q

Another name of S. capracanis:

A

S. moulei

155
Q

Final host of Toxoplasma gondii life cycle:

A

Cats

156
Q

Intermediate host of Toxoplasma gondii life cycle:

A

Dogs + mammals, birds and humans

157
Q

What is the size of oocyst of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

12µm

158
Q

Bradyzoites divide by:

A

endodygony

159
Q

Gametogony of T. gondii occurs in the small intestine of:

A

carnivores (felidae)

160
Q

How is human infected by toxoplasma?

A

Ingestion of sporulated oocysts (cat faeces)
Ingestion of zoites (undercooked meat)
Congenital infection (only during acute stage)
Organ transplants (chronic infection in donor due to immunosuppression)
Blood transfusions (only during acute stage)

161
Q

Neospora caninum occurs in which species and what are the clinical signs?

A

Dog and cattle
Hind leg paralysis and abortion in cattle

162
Q

Neosporium caninum pathogenesis:

A

Oocyst from dog to environment
–> ingestion by intermediate host (Bo) and tachyzoites released
–> penetrate epitheloum and migrate to tissues - bradyzoites
–> Cysts
–> Tachyzoites through placenta - congenital
–> dog eat infected placenta –> sexual reproduction in intestine

163
Q

What is the host of Babesia?

A

Intermediate: vertebral (all domestic animals)
Final: invertebral (hard ticks)

164
Q

Babesia major vector:

A

Haemphysalis punctata

165
Q

B. motasi host:

A

Sheep and goat

166
Q

B. divergens host and vector:

A

Host: cattle and humans
Vector: ixodes ricinus

167
Q

Species of Babesia in cattle:

A

B. bigemina, B. major, B. divergens, B. ovata, B. occultans, B. beliceri

168
Q

B. caballi host:

A

Horses

169
Q

B. canis host:

A

Dogs

170
Q

B. trautmanni host:

A

Pigs

171
Q

Texas cattle fever is caused by:

A

Babesia bovis and B. bigemina

172
Q

Size of Babesia:

A

Small: 1-1.25 µm
Large: 2.5-5 µm

173
Q

Babesia is a parasite of:

A

Intraerythrocytic in domestic animals

174
Q

Schizogony of Theileria spp. occurs in:

A

Lymphocytes

175
Q

Theileria is found in which animals?

A

Ruminants

176
Q

Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon from family Plasmodidae causes:

A

Avian malaria in domestic and wild birds

177
Q

Most common Plasmodium and which is a pathogen?

A

P. vivax is most common
P. falciparum is most pathogenic

178
Q

Most common vector of Plasmodium:

A

Anopheles spp. and Culex spp.

179
Q

Name species of Leucocytozoon and vectors:

A

L. simondi - duck, geese
L. smithi - turkey
L. naevi - fowl
L. cauleryi, sabrasezi - chicken
Vector: Simuliidae

180
Q

Genus Leucocytozoon causes:

A

Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly

181
Q

Haemoproteus columbae - vector and pathogenesis:

A

Vector: Hypoboscidae, biting midges
Pathologies:
Ec decay, anaemia, hypertrophy of liver and spleen

182
Q

Name pathology caused by Plasmodium praecox, gallinaceum and juxtanucleare:

A

Fever, splenomegaly and anaemia

183
Q

Describe the location of Balatidium coli:

A

Intestinal tract of arthropods and some vertebrates mainly pigs and humans

184
Q

Haemoproteus is a parasite of:

A

birds

185
Q

Hepatozoon canis is transmitted by:

A

ingestion of tick

186
Q

3 main types of parasites:

A

Protozoans
Helminths
Arthropods

187
Q

Name types of parasitism:

A

Commensalism –> commensal benefit from the host without harming it
Mutualism –> organisms advantage, but without interdependence
Symbiose –>
Parasitism

188
Q

Ectoparasites vs endoparasites:

A

Ecto - infestation
Endo - infection

189
Q

Types of host spectrum:

A

Monoxenic parasites: 1 obligatory host species
Heteroxenic: several obligatory hosts/intermediate hosts

190
Q

Define hyper parasitism:

A

A parasite infect another parasite

191
Q

Define parasitiasis:

A

association between 2 organism but the pathogenic one does not cause outward signs of disease

192
Q

Define parasitosis:

A

one organism injure the other and cause outward signs of disease

193
Q

Paratenic host is a:

A

Transport host

194
Q

What criteria do you determine in lab?

A

Size:
* small –> 60 µm, medium 60-100 µm, large 100,1-200 µm, XL over 200,1 µm
Shape
* symmetrical, asymmetrical, ovoid, oval, elliptic, pherical, sub-spherical
Shell structure
* thickness, number, special structures, 2 thin shells
Internal structure
* sporulated/unsporulated, nuclei, spores, cysts
Colour

195
Q
A

Parasitology (9 decks)

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