Protists OR 5 supergroups of euk. (C28) Flashcards
What is a protist
An unofficial group of diverse eukaryotic, predominantly unicellular microscopic organisms.
What are the main supergroups
Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
What supergroup are red and green algae part of ?
Archaeplastida
What are the 5 supergroups of eukaryotes
Opisthokonta, Amoebozoa, Archaeplastida, Rhizaria, Chromalveolata, and Excavata.
How does endosymbiosis relate to photosynthesis?
Through 2ndary endosymbiosis, photosythesis got to occcur in certain organisms
An example of Endosymbiosis
the development of photosynthesis
What were the 2 hypotheses for how photosynthesis got found in a certain species? (mentioned in lecture 9, feb 6)
1: photosynthesis was ancestral
#2: photosynthesis evolved through repeated endosymbiosis events
Which theory for photosynthesis was correct? Why?
Which protist group are known for hairy flagelum?
Stremenopiles, for example,
Difference between mutualistt, Commensalism, parasite
positive effect on both
positive for one
positive for one, negative for other
Fungi are
heterotrophic
What are hyphae
on mushrooms
How did chloroplast originate
Endosymbiosm of cyanobacteria and red and green algae
What are stremenopiles
diatoms, brown algae, oomycytes
Plastids
organelles found in plant cells and algae
(ex: chlorplast)
descendent of cyanobacteria
came through endosymbiosis, organelle
Cyanobacteria, was engulfed by a non-photosynthetic thing
and cyanobacteria became
What is a sporophyte?
The whole plant at the first/normal stage of the plant life cycle.
It is 2n
2 generations in a plant life cyle?
Sporophytes (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid)
Why aren’t human beings life cycles considered alteration of generations?
Because our cells are NOT multicellular throughout the process.
Whereas plants are multicellular at both stages
What is a sporophyte?
What is a spore?
reproductive cell, that is produced by sporangia
Are haploid (n)
Difference between sporophyte, spore, sporangia and zygote
Sporophyte- first stage of cell (diploid, 2n)
sporangia- CREATES spores
spore- a reproductive cell, develop into a male and female gametophytes (n)
zygote- after fertilization (2n)
Derived traits in plants
Traits in all land plants, but NOT in charophytes
1. Alteration of generations
2. Spores have cell walls
3. Multicellular gametangia
4. Apical Meristems
Steps of Alternating Generations
- Gametophytes produce gamete
- two gametes fertilize, zygote is made.
- Zygote develops into sporophyte (2n)
- Spores develop into multicellular
Bryophytes
Have no vascular tissue
Types of vascular plants, ex
Seed and seedless
What is a gymnosperm and angiosperm?
Seed vascular plant
What are adaptations to life on land?
What are the major groups of nonvascular plants and seedless vascular plants?
nonvascular: mosses, liver and horn
Seedless Vasc: lycophytes and monophytes
Seed and Vascular: angiosperms, gymnosperms
What is Transduction
-virus comes into bacteria cell
-makes virus babies (in bacteria cell)
-some virus babies pick up bacteria DNA
-And virus can inject bacteria DNA to other cells
What is Conjugation
2 bacteria cells
pilus= attaches to recipient
DONOR MUST have F-factor (to create pilus)
2 types of F-factors: F-plasmid, a whole ring
F-factor
2 types of F factors and how they replicate
- F-plasmid, a ring that is ONLY the DNA
whole thing replicates - F-factor in the chromosome, a section of the chromosome, aka HFR Cell
only PART of ring replicates, (then gets cut off)
What is secondary endosymbiosis
The engulfing of a euakaryote
