Bio153 Midterm #1/(C26)

Question 1

Apomorphy

Answer 1

Derived (ALONE)

Question 2

Pleisomorphy

Answer 2

Ancestral (MANY)

Question 3

Synapomorphy

Answer 3

Shared Derived (SYN= shared)

Question 4

Synpleismorphy

Answer 4

Shared Ancestral

Question 5

Systematics

Answer 5

the discipline that uses data from DNA and other molecules to determine evolutionary relationships.

Question 6

Orthologous

Answer 6

Genetic variation occurs AFTER speciation

Question 7

Paralogous

Answer 7

Genetic variation occurs within the ancestral species (during duplication)

Question 8

Horizontal Gene transfer

Answer 8

Transfer of genes from one genome to another (specifically bacteria)

Question 9

Systematics and say an example

Question 10

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Question 11

Monophyletic

Answer 11

(from the Greek, meaning “single tribe”), signifying that
it consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants

Question 12

Paraphyletic

Answer 12

(“beside
the tribe”) group, which consists of an ancestral species
and some, but not all, of its descendants

Question 13

Polyphlectic

Answer 13

(“many tribes”) group, which includes
distantly related species but not their most recent common
ancestor

Question 14

Cladogram vs Phylogram

Answer 14

Cladogram= normal phylogenetic tree
Phylogram= a cladogram with extra info, ex: branch length tells time too. (ex: gives a scale)

Question 15

Polytomy

Answer 15

many species diverge at same time ex: 3 species from one.

Question 16

Homoplasy

Answer 16

In organisms that do not appear to be closely related, the bases that their otherwise very different sequences happen to share may simply be coincidental matches, called molecular homoplasies

Question 17

Maximum Parsimony

Answer 17

we should first investigate the simplest explanation that
is consistent with the facts

Question 18

Maximum Likelihood

Answer 18

approach identifies the tree
most likely to have produced a given set of DNA data, based
on certain probability rules about how DNA sequences
change over time.

Question 19

Taxonomy

Answer 19

A scientific
discipline concerned with naming and
classifying the diverse forms of life.

Question 20

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Answer 20

SAME Generation gene transfer (ex: bacteria connect to each other to send DNA) (also occured frequently in the early history of the earth)

Question 21

Problems With Molecular Clocks

Answer 21

1. Natural Selection (because goes against the assumption that the traits are neutral)
2. Try to extend the molecular clock doesn’t work. (only past fossil evidence)

Question 22

First type of classifications made

Answer 22

1. JUST 2 kingdoms: plants and animals
2. In the late 1960s,
   when many biologists recognized five kingdoms: Monera
   (prokaryotes), Protista (a diverse kingdom consisting mostly of
   unicellular organisms), Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
3. Monera split into 2–> bacteria and archaea.

Question 23

Which kingdom split up?

Answer 23

Monera, into bacteria and archaea