C29 Flashcards
What is the alternation of generations for plants?
Plant life cycles that alternate between diploid and haploid stage.
What did the plants have to adapt to when coming on land?
Scarcity of water and lack of structural support.
What are adaptations that plants moving to land have? (important)
- Walled spores, Sporopollenin on walls of the spores.
- Epidermis, Waxy cuticle.
- Stomata, support exchange.
- Mycorrhizae.
What are major groups of nonvascular and seedless vascular plants?
What is a gametophyte? What is a sporophyte?
Gametophyte: gamete producing plant
Sporophyte: spore producing plant
What are Derived traits of land plants? What are they?
They are traits that were absent in the common ancestor, green algae, but instead evolved as derived traits of plants.
Multicellular Dependent Embryos, Walled Spores Produced in Sporangia, Alternation of Generations, Multicellular Gametangia
Where are spores produced?
In the Sporangia, the organ of the sporophyte
What is the Life cycle of plants?
- Gametophyte, produces a gamete
- Gamete pairs with another gamete (fertilizes), creates diploid zygote.
- Zygote develops into a sporophyte.
- Sporophyte produces spores.
- spores develop into gametophyte.
How are spores produced? Are they diploid or haploid?
Spores are produced when the sporophyte undergoes meiosis. The result of meiosis are spores. The result of meiosis are always haploid.
How are gametes produced?
Gametes are produced in the gametangia.
The difference between spore and a gamete?
The spore grows into a gametophyte
Gametophyte produces a gamete
What is the gametangia?
The location where the gametes are produced.
What is a bryophyte?
A Non-vascular Plants (with NO SEEDS) (Most BASIC)
Are bryophytes dominant
Gametophyte dominant
Why are bryophytes small?
They lack vascular tissue
What does the sperm of bryophytes have to do?
sperm must swim through a film of water to get to the egg
Name of the vascular tissue parts
Xylem and phloem
Qaulities of vascular plants
- Have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
- Sporopythe Dominant
- Developped advanced roots and leaves (better anchor to soil and leaves= more solar energy)
What are parts of the vascular tissue?
Xylem: conducts water and minerals and includes dead cells
Phloem: consists of living cells, distributes living cells
Why is vascular tissue an evolutionary trait?
Vascular tissue allows for it to grow taller and bigger, because it allows it to transfer water and nutrients easily around the plant
Why is a plant with a longer sporophyte life stage dominant better than a longer gametophyte stage?
- longer sporophyte stage= more spores produced, so more offspring
So more gametophtytes being created
Qualities of seed plants
Heterospory (megaspores and microspores)
Tiny gametophyte (stay inside of sporophyte)
Ovules
Pollen
Name the 2 types of seed plants
Angiosperms and gymnosperms
Seed plants are heterospory or homospory?
They are heterospory, which means that they have both male and female spores
What does it mean if it is a homospore?
Only one type of spore in the sporophyte, so that produces bisexual gametophytes
Bisexual gametophytes: produce male and female gametes
What is a bisexual gametophytes?
Produce both male and female gametes, (because of male vs. female gametengia)
What is an ovule?
A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte
The ovule develops into a seed
Why is pollen a helpful adaptation?
- Pollen can be dispersed all over, through air
- Whereas the sperm of non-vascular plants need travel through a film of water.
- So angiosperms and gymnosperms eliminate the need to travel through water.
What is a seed?
AFTER the fertilized ovule stage
Difference between angiosperm and gymnosperm?
Seed location
Seeds, of angiosperms are found in fruits
Gymnosperms: found on the pine
Where are the ovules of angiosperms found?
In ovary, which is in the fruit or flower
