Protists Flashcards
2 facts about SUPERgroups?
- Unranked term
- Broader than kingdom
What are the 5 SUPERgroups of Protists?
- Excavata
- Chromalveolata
- Rhizaria
- Archaeplastida
- Unikonta
How did Protist lineages used to be divided?
Kingdom Protista
Is Kingdom Protista monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?
Polyphyletic
Protists exhibit more ______ and _______ diversity than any other group of _______.
Structural
Functional
Eukaryotes
All the trophs Protists can be?
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Saphrotrophs
Saphprotrophs
Eat non living organic matter
How complex is a single celled protist?
Can do things that a multicellular eukaryote can do.
How do Protists reproduce?
- Sexual
- Asexual
True or False? All Protists are unicellular
False
True or False? Some Protists are parasitic?
True
Name 3 types of parasitic Protists.
Pfesteria shumwayee, a dinoflagellate that cause fish kills
Phytophtora ramorum cause sudden oak death
Parabasalid in stomach of termites that help them break down wood
Key role of Protists?
Zooxanthellae that use sun to get energy and live inside of coral reefs
2 facts about Photosynthetic Protists?
Limited by nutrients
Eutrophication
Phytoplankton
Drifting around in water and produce their own energy
Eutrophication
Nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen become highly concentrated in water. Leading to increased growth of algae or Cyanobacteria.
Secondary Endosymbiosis
Red and green algae were ingested into eukaryotes and became symbionts themselves
Usually have 4 membranes
SUPERgroup Excavata (2 facts)
- “Excavated” feeding grove
- Different cytoskeleton
3 Protists in SUPERgroup Excavata
- Diplomonads
- Parabasalids
- Euglenozoans
Diplomonads (3 facts)
1 parasite example
- Modified mitochondria
- Multiple flagella
- Unique cytoskeleton
- Giardia intestinalis cause upset stomach
Parabasalids (2 facts)
1 example
- Modified mitochondria
- Anaerobic
- Trichomonas Vaginalis-sexually transmitted disease that infect the vagina
Euglenozoans
2 facts, “trophs”
(2 groups)
Crystalline structure inside each flagella
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Photosynthetic autotrophs
Kinetoplastids
Euglenids
Kinetoplastids (3 facts)
1 example
Large mitichondrion
Large mass of DNA
Can change their protein coat
Trypanosoma
infect humans by Chagas’ disease
African sleeping sickness from bite by Tsetse fly
Euglenid (2 facts)
1 example
Pocket at one end of the cell where 1-2 flagellas emerge
Mixotrophs
Euglena found in pond water, light
Mixotroph
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
Chromalveolates (1 fact)
Went through secondary endosymbiosis
7 Protists in Supergroup Chromalveolata?
Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Diatoms Golden Algae Brown Algae Oomycetes
2 main groups, subs of Chromalveolata?
- Alveolates
- Stramenophiles
Alveoli
Membrane sacs
Alveolates three subgroups?
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Dinoflagellates
(2 facts)
(2 examples)
2 flagella in between thick cellulose plates
Mainly phytoplankton
Karenvia brevis- toxins that kill invertebrates and fishes
California’s fluorescent tides caused earaches
Apicomplexhans
2 facts
(1 example)
Use apex to penetrate host cells and tissues
Require 2 or more host species for completion
Parasites of animals
Plasmodia- parasite that causes malaria, live in Mosquitos and humans
Ciliates
Conjugation
Use of cilia or short flagella to move and feed
Have tiny micronuclei and large micronuclei
Genetic variation results from conjugation
Conjugation- sexual process where 2 individuals exchange haploid micronuclei but don’t reproduce
Reproduce by binary fission
Stramenopiles (Straw Hair)
2 facts
Flagella have hairlike projections
Most have hairy flagellum paired with smooth flagellum
Four groups of stramenophiles?
Diatoms
Golden Algae
Brown Algae
Oomycetes
Diatoms (4 facts)
Unicellular algae with cell walls made of silica
Very strong
Heavy
Major component of phytoplankton
Conjugation
2 individuals exchange haploid micronuclei
(Chromalveolata) Alveolates
Example?
Thick cellulose plates to protect themselves
Have flagella
Dinoflagellates
Karenvia brevis= Brevotoxin
Can kill birds and animals
California’s fluorescent tides cause tides to glow at night
(Chromalveolata) Stramenophiles means….
Straw Hair
Stramenophiles
Acquatic
Flagella will have smooth flagella or hairy flagella
(Stramenopiles) Brown Algae
Example?
Kelp Blade Stripe holdfast Multicellular Grow tall Found in ocean Go through photosynthesis
(Stramenopiles) Oomycetes
Example?
Water molds White rusts Downy mildews Parasites Ich on fish Oak trees Once considered fungi Filaments that branch off their bodies Potato Blight caused Phytophthora infectans
Supergroup Rhizaria
3 groups?
Diverse group of Protists
Forams
Radiolarian
Cercozoans
(Rhizaria) Forams
Tough shell made calcium carbonate
Make them heavy
Benthic-live on bottom
(Rhizaria) Radiolarian
Have pseudopodos that are thread like
Heterptroph
(Rhizaria) Cercozoans
Acquire different Cyanobacteria for endosymbiosis
Heterotrophs
4 Phylums in Supergroup Archaeplastida
Red algae
Green algae
Chlorophytes
Charophytes
Where did red algae come from?
Primary Endocytosis
What descended from green algae?
Land plants
(Archaeplastida) Red Algae (2 facts)
2 examples
Go through photosynthesis
Have phycoerythrin
Nori-used in sushi wrapping
Bonnemaisonia hamifera
Phycoerythrin
Accessory pigment that absorb light and helps bounce back additional red light.
(Archaeaplastida) Red Algae
Charophytes, Cladophora, or Pediastrum
No phycoerythrin
Rely on chloroplasts
Carophytes
Chlorophytes (3 facts)
2 examples
Mostly found in water
Some live in snow
Small but can appear bigger if colonial
Caulerpa-giant cell with lots of nuclei
Ulva
Lichen
have to be half fungi and half Cyanobacteria or Chlorophyte algae
3 different types of Charophytes
Volvox
Cladophora
Pediastrum
Supergroup Unikonta (2 facts) (2 groups)
Have fatter pseudopods
Animal, fungi, some Protists
Amoebozoans
Opisthokonts
Types of Amoebozoans
Slime molds
Gym amoebas
Entamoebas
( Unikonta, Amoebozoans)
Acanthoeba
Single cell Feed on yeast or bacteria Can live without a host Enter through skin or nose Everywhere in common environment Deadly Eat your brain
(Unikonta) Opisthokonts (2 facts)
2 types
Animals
Fungi
Several Groups of Protists
- Nucleariids
- Choanoflagellates
(Stramenophiles)
Golden Algae
(1 example)
Yellow and brown carotenoids
2 flagellas
Dinobyron
Amoebas
Used to be Protists that move by pseudopia
Rhizaria
Threadlike pseudopodia
Green Algae (1 example) (2 groups)
Green chloroplasts
Charophytes
Chlorophytes
