Protists

Question 0

2 facts about SUPERgroups?

Answer 0

• Unranked term

- Broader than kingdom

Question 1

What are the 5 SUPERgroups of Protists?

Answer 1

• Excavata
• Chromalveolata
• Rhizaria
• Archaeplastida
• Unikonta

Question 2

How did Protist lineages used to be divided?

Answer 2

Kingdom Protista

Question 3

Is Kingdom Protista monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?

Answer 3

Polyphyletic

Question 4

Protists exhibit more ______ and _______ diversity than any other group of _______.

Answer 4

Structural
Functional
Eukaryotes

Question 5

All the trophs Protists can be?

Answer 5

Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Saphrotrophs

Question 6

Saphprotrophs

Answer 6

Eat non living organic matter

Question 7

How complex is a single celled protist?

Answer 7

Can do things that a multicellular eukaryote can do.

Question 8

How do Protists reproduce?

Answer 8

• Sexual

- Asexual

Question 9

True or False? All Protists are unicellular

Answer 9

False

Question 10

True or False? Some Protists are parasitic?

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Name 3 types of parasitic Protists.

Answer 11

Pfesteria shumwayee, a dinoflagellate that cause fish kills

Phytophtora ramorum cause sudden oak death

Parabasalid in stomach of termites that help them break down wood

Question 12

Key role of Protists?

Answer 12

Zooxanthellae that use sun to get energy and live inside of coral reefs

Question 13

2 facts about Photosynthetic Protists?

Answer 13

Limited by nutrients

Eutrophication

Question 14

Phytoplankton

Answer 14

Drifting around in water and produce their own energy

Question 15

Eutrophication

Answer 15

Nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen become highly concentrated in water. Leading to increased growth of algae or Cyanobacteria.

Question 16

Secondary Endosymbiosis

Answer 16

Red and green algae were ingested into eukaryotes and became symbionts themselves
Usually have 4 membranes

Question 17

SUPERgroup Excavata (2 facts)

Answer 17

• “Excavated” feeding grove

- Different cytoskeleton

Question 18

3 Protists in SUPERgroup Excavata

Answer 18

• Diplomonads
• Parabasalids
• Euglenozoans

Question 19

Diplomonads (3 facts)

1 parasite example

Answer 19

• Modified mitochondria
• Multiple flagella
• Unique cytoskeleton
• Giardia intestinalis cause upset stomach

Question 20

Parabasalids (2 facts)

1 example

Answer 20

• Modified mitochondria
• Anaerobic
• Trichomonas Vaginalis-sexually transmitted disease that infect the vagina

Question 21

Euglenozoans
2 facts, “trophs”
(2 groups)

Answer 21

Crystalline structure inside each flagella

Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Photosynthetic autotrophs

Kinetoplastids
Euglenids

Question 22

Kinetoplastids (3 facts)

1 example

Answer 22

Large mitichondrion
Large mass of DNA
Can change their protein coat

Trypanosoma
infect humans by Chagas’ disease
African sleeping sickness from bite by Tsetse fly

Question 23

Euglenid (2 facts)

1 example

Answer 23

Pocket at one end of the cell where 1-2 flagellas emerge
Mixotrophs

Euglena found in pond water, light

Question 24

Mixotroph

Answer 24

Autotrophic | Heterotrophic

Question 25

Chromalveolates (1 fact)

Answer 25

Went through secondary endosymbiosis

Question 26

7 Protists in Supergroup Chromalveolata?

Answer 26

``` Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Diatoms Golden Algae Brown Algae Oomycetes ```

Question 27

2 main groups, subs of Chromalveolata?

Answer 27

- Alveolates | - Stramenophiles

Question 28

Alveoli

Answer 28

Membrane sacs

Question 29

Alveolates three subgroups?

Answer 29

Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates

Question 30

Dinoflagellates (2 facts) (2 examples)

Answer 30

2 flagella in between thick cellulose plates Mainly phytoplankton Karenvia brevis- toxins that kill invertebrates and fishes California's fluorescent tides caused earaches

Question 31

Apicomplexhans 2 facts (1 example)

Answer 31

Use apex to penetrate host cells and tissues Require 2 or more host species for completion Parasites of animals Plasmodia- parasite that causes malaria, live in Mosquitos and humans

Question 32

Ciliates Conjugation

Answer 32

Use of cilia or short flagella to move and feed Have tiny micronuclei and large micronuclei Genetic variation results from conjugation Conjugation- sexual process where 2 individuals exchange haploid micronuclei but don't reproduce Reproduce by binary fission

Question 33

Stramenopiles (Straw Hair) | 2 facts

Answer 33

Flagella have hairlike projections | Most have hairy flagellum paired with smooth flagellum

Question 34

Four groups of stramenophiles?

Answer 34

Diatoms Golden Algae Brown Algae Oomycetes

Question 35

Diatoms (4 facts)

Answer 35

Unicellular algae with cell walls made of silica Very strong Heavy Major component of phytoplankton

Question 36

Conjugation

Answer 36

2 individuals exchange haploid micronuclei

Question 37

(Chromalveolata) Alveolates | Example?

Answer 37

Thick cellulose plates to protect themselves Have flagella Dinoflagellates

Question 38

Karenvia brevis= Brevotoxin

Answer 38

Can kill birds and animals | California's fluorescent tides cause tides to glow at night

Question 39

(Chromalveolata) Stramenophiles means....

Answer 39

Straw Hair

Question 40

Stramenophiles

Answer 40

Acquatic | Flagella will have smooth flagella or hairy flagella

Question 41

(Stramenopiles) Brown Algae | Example?

Answer 41

``` Kelp Blade Stripe holdfast Multicellular Grow tall Found in ocean Go through photosynthesis ```

Question 42

(Stramenopiles) Oomycetes | Example?

Answer 42

``` Water molds White rusts Downy mildews Parasites Ich on fish Oak trees Once considered fungi Filaments that branch off their bodies Potato Blight caused Phytophthora infectans ```

Question 43

Supergroup Rhizaria | 3 groups?

Answer 43

Diverse group of Protists Forams Radiolarian Cercozoans

Question 44

(Rhizaria) Forams

Answer 44

Tough shell made calcium carbonate Make them heavy Benthic-live on bottom

Question 45

(Rhizaria) Radiolarian

Answer 45

Have pseudopodos that are thread like | Heterptroph

Question 46

(Rhizaria) Cercozoans

Answer 46

Acquire different Cyanobacteria for endosymbiosis | Heterotrophs

Question 47

4 Phylums in Supergroup Archaeplastida

Answer 47

Red algae Green algae Chlorophytes Charophytes

Question 48

Where did red algae come from?

Answer 48

Primary Endocytosis

Question 49

What descended from green algae?

Answer 49

Land plants

Question 50

(Archaeplastida) Red Algae (2 facts) | 2 examples

Answer 50

Go through photosynthesis Have phycoerythrin Nori-used in sushi wrapping Bonnemaisonia hamifera

Question 51

Phycoerythrin

Answer 51

Accessory pigment that absorb light and helps bounce back additional red light.

Question 52

(Archaeaplastida) Red Algae Charophytes, Cladophora, or Pediastrum

Answer 52

No phycoerythrin Rely on chloroplasts Carophytes

Question 53

Chlorophytes (3 facts) | 2 examples

Answer 53

Mostly found in water Some live in snow Small but can appear bigger if colonial Caulerpa-giant cell with lots of nuclei Ulva

Question 54

Lichen

Answer 54

have to be half fungi and half Cyanobacteria or Chlorophyte algae

Question 55

3 different types of Charophytes

Answer 55

Volvox Cladophora Pediastrum

Question 56

``` Supergroup Unikonta (2 facts) (2 groups) ```

Answer 56

Have fatter pseudopods Animal, fungi, some Protists Amoebozoans Opisthokonts

Question 57

Types of Amoebozoans

Answer 57

Slime molds Gym amoebas Entamoebas

Question 58

( Unikonta, Amoebozoans) | Acanthoeba

Answer 58

``` Single cell Feed on yeast or bacteria Can live without a host Enter through skin or nose Everywhere in common environment Deadly Eat your brain ```

Question 59

(Unikonta) Opisthokonts (2 facts) | 2 types

Answer 59

Animals Fungi Several Groups of Protists - Nucleariids - Choanoflagellates

Question 60

(Stramenophiles) Golden Algae (1 example)

Answer 60

Yellow and brown carotenoids 2 flagellas Dinobyron

Question 61

Amoebas

Answer 61

Used to be Protists that move by pseudopia

Question 62

Rhizaria

Answer 62

Threadlike pseudopodia

Question 63

``` Green Algae (1 example) (2 groups) ```

Answer 63

Green chloroplasts Charophytes Chlorophytes