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Protists Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

2 facts about SUPERgroups?

A
  • Unranked term

- Broader than kingdom

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1
Q

What are the 5 SUPERgroups of Protists?

A
  • Excavata
  • Chromalveolata
  • Rhizaria
  • Archaeplastida
  • Unikonta
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2
Q

How did Protist lineages used to be divided?

A

Kingdom Protista

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3
Q

Is Kingdom Protista monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?

A

Polyphyletic

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4
Q

Protists exhibit more ______ and _______ diversity than any other group of _______.

A

Structural
Functional
Eukaryotes

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5
Q

All the trophs Protists can be?

A

Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Saphrotrophs

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6
Q

Saphprotrophs

A

Eat non living organic matter

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7
Q

How complex is a single celled protist?

A

Can do things that a multicellular eukaryote can do.

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8
Q

How do Protists reproduce?

A
  • Sexual

- Asexual

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9
Q

True or False? All Protists are unicellular

A

False

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10
Q

True or False? Some Protists are parasitic?

A

True

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11
Q

Name 3 types of parasitic Protists.

A

Pfesteria shumwayee, a dinoflagellate that cause fish kills

Phytophtora ramorum cause sudden oak death

Parabasalid in stomach of termites that help them break down wood

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12
Q

Key role of Protists?

A

Zooxanthellae that use sun to get energy and live inside of coral reefs

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13
Q

2 facts about Photosynthetic Protists?

A

Limited by nutrients

Eutrophication

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14
Q

Phytoplankton

A

Drifting around in water and produce their own energy

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15
Q

Eutrophication

A

Nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen become highly concentrated in water. Leading to increased growth of algae or Cyanobacteria.

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16
Q

Secondary Endosymbiosis

A

Red and green algae were ingested into eukaryotes and became symbionts themselves
Usually have 4 membranes

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17
Q

SUPERgroup Excavata (2 facts)

A
  • “Excavated” feeding grove

- Different cytoskeleton

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18
Q

3 Protists in SUPERgroup Excavata

A
  • Diplomonads
  • Parabasalids
  • Euglenozoans
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19
Q

Diplomonads (3 facts)

1 parasite example

A
  • Modified mitochondria
  • Multiple flagella
  • Unique cytoskeleton
  • Giardia intestinalis cause upset stomach
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20
Q

Parabasalids (2 facts)

1 example

A
  • Modified mitochondria
  • Anaerobic
  • Trichomonas Vaginalis-sexually transmitted disease that infect the vagina
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21
Q

Euglenozoans
2 facts, “trophs”
(2 groups)

A

Crystalline structure inside each flagella

Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Photosynthetic autotrophs

Kinetoplastids
Euglenids

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22
Q

Kinetoplastids (3 facts)

1 example

A

Large mitichondrion
Large mass of DNA
Can change their protein coat

Trypanosoma
infect humans by Chagas’ disease
African sleeping sickness from bite by Tsetse fly

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23
Q

Euglenid (2 facts)

1 example

A

Pocket at one end of the cell where 1-2 flagellas emerge
Mixotrophs

Euglena found in pond water, light

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24
Q

Mixotroph

A

Autotrophic

Heterotrophic

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25
Q

Chromalveolates (1 fact)

A

Went through secondary endosymbiosis

26
Q

7 Protists in Supergroup Chromalveolata?

A 
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Diatoms
Golden Algae
Brown Algae
Oomycetes
27
Q

2 main groups, subs of Chromalveolata?

A
  • Alveolates

- Stramenophiles

28
Q

Alveoli

A

Membrane sacs

29
Q

Alveolates three subgroups?

A

Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates

30
Q

Dinoflagellates
(2 facts)
(2 examples)

A

2 flagella in between thick cellulose plates
Mainly phytoplankton

Karenvia brevis- toxins that kill invertebrates and fishes
California’s fluorescent tides caused earaches

31
Q

Apicomplexhans
2 facts
(1 example)

A

Use apex to penetrate host cells and tissues
Require 2 or more host species for completion
Parasites of animals

Plasmodia- parasite that causes malaria, live in Mosquitos and humans

32
Q

Ciliates

Conjugation

A

Use of cilia or short flagella to move and feed
Have tiny micronuclei and large micronuclei
Genetic variation results from conjugation
Conjugation- sexual process where 2 individuals exchange haploid micronuclei but don’t reproduce
Reproduce by binary fission

33
Q

Stramenopiles (Straw Hair)

2 facts

A

Flagella have hairlike projections

Most have hairy flagellum paired with smooth flagellum

34
Q

Four groups of stramenophiles?

A

Diatoms
Golden Algae
Brown Algae
Oomycetes

35
Q

Diatoms (4 facts)

A

Unicellular algae with cell walls made of silica
Very strong
Heavy
Major component of phytoplankton

36
Q

Conjugation

A

2 individuals exchange haploid micronuclei

37
Q

(Chromalveolata) Alveolates

Example?

A

Thick cellulose plates to protect themselves
Have flagella
Dinoflagellates

38
Q

Karenvia brevis= Brevotoxin

A

Can kill birds and animals

California’s fluorescent tides cause tides to glow at night

39
Q

(Chromalveolata) Stramenophiles means….

A

Straw Hair

40
Q

Stramenophiles

A

Acquatic

Flagella will have smooth flagella or hairy flagella

41
Q

(Stramenopiles) Brown Algae

Example?

A 
Kelp
Blade
Stripe holdfast
Multicellular
Grow tall
Found in ocean
Go through photosynthesis
42
Q

(Stramenopiles) Oomycetes

Example?

A 
Water molds
White rusts 
Downy mildews
Parasites
Ich on fish
Oak trees
Once considered fungi
Filaments that branch off their bodies 
Potato Blight caused Phytophthora infectans
43
Q

Supergroup Rhizaria

3 groups?

A

Diverse group of Protists

Forams
Radiolarian
Cercozoans

44
Q

(Rhizaria) Forams

A

Tough shell made calcium carbonate
Make them heavy
Benthic-live on bottom

45
Q

(Rhizaria) Radiolarian

A

Have pseudopodos that are thread like

Heterptroph

46
Q

(Rhizaria) Cercozoans

A

Acquire different Cyanobacteria for endosymbiosis

Heterotrophs

47
Q

4 Phylums in Supergroup Archaeplastida

A

Red algae
Green algae
Chlorophytes
Charophytes

48
Q

Where did red algae come from?

A

Primary Endocytosis

49
Q

What descended from green algae?

A

Land plants

50
Q

(Archaeplastida) Red Algae (2 facts)

2 examples

A

Go through photosynthesis
Have phycoerythrin

Nori-used in sushi wrapping
Bonnemaisonia hamifera

51
Q

Phycoerythrin

A

Accessory pigment that absorb light and helps bounce back additional red light.

52
Q

(Archaeaplastida) Red Algae

Charophytes, Cladophora, or Pediastrum

A

No phycoerythrin
Rely on chloroplasts
Carophytes

53
Q

Chlorophytes (3 facts)

2 examples

A

Mostly found in water
Some live in snow
Small but can appear bigger if colonial

Caulerpa-giant cell with lots of nuclei
Ulva

54
Q

Lichen

A

have to be half fungi and half Cyanobacteria or Chlorophyte algae

55
Q

3 different types of Charophytes

A

Volvox
Cladophora
Pediastrum

56
Q 
Supergroup Unikonta (2 facts)
(2 groups)
A

Have fatter pseudopods
Animal, fungi, some Protists

Amoebozoans
Opisthokonts

57
Q

Types of Amoebozoans

A

Slime molds
Gym amoebas
Entamoebas

58
Q

( Unikonta, Amoebozoans)

Acanthoeba

A 
Single cell
Feed on yeast or bacteria 
Can live without a host
Enter through skin or nose
Everywhere in common environment
Deadly
Eat your brain
59
Q

(Unikonta) Opisthokonts (2 facts)

2 types

A

Animals
Fungi
Several Groups of Protists

  • Nucleariids
  • Choanoflagellates
60
Q

(Stramenophiles)
Golden Algae
(1 example)

A

Yellow and brown carotenoids
2 flagellas

Dinobyron

61
Q

Amoebas

A

Used to be Protists that move by pseudopia

62
Q

Rhizaria

A

Threadlike pseudopodia

63
Q 
Green Algae (1 example)
(2 groups)
A

Green chloroplasts

Charophytes
Chlorophytes

Biology (9 decks)

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