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Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

How many species of plants are known?

A

290,000

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1
Q

Seedless plants are classified as…

A

Charophytes

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2
Q

Land plants are classified as having what type of ancestors even though they are _____..

A

Terrestrial

Aquatic

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3
Q

How do you tell an acquatic plant from algae?

A

Real plants have leaves and roots

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4
Q

Which green algae is the relative of land plants?

A

Charophytes

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5
Q

3 main characteristics of plants

A

Photosynthetic
Sessile
Multicellular eukaryotes

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6
Q

Sessile

A

Not mobile, stay in same place forever

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7
Q

3 ways land plants changed the world

A

Gave us more Oxygen
Habitat
Food

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8
Q

Important thing to note about land plants and Charophytes

A

Land plants don’t descend from modern Charophytes

Share a common ancestor with modern Charophytes

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9
Q

What are the 4 key morphological traits land plants share with only Charophytes?

A
  1. Cellulose-synthesizing complexes- rings of protein in membrane
  2. Petoxisome enzymes- help facilitate photosynthesis
  3. Structure of Flagellated sperm
  4. Formation of phagmoplast
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10
Q

Phragmoplast

A

Group of micro tubules

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11
Q

What structure did Charophytes have to prevent their zygotes from drying out?

A

Sporopollenin

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12
Q

Sporopollenin

A

Layer of durable polymers that cover for their spores that allowed them to move to land

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13
Q

Name an adaptation that enabled plants to move to land.

A

Sporopollenin

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14
Q

What were the benefits of plants invading land?

A

Open Habitat
More sunlight
No Predators/ Herbivores
More carbon dioxide

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15
Q

What challenges did land present to plants?

Think jellyfish on land…

A

Scarcity of water

Lack of structural support against gravity

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16
Q

Derived traits of plants or 4 key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but not Charophytes.

A
  1. Have walled spores in their sporangium
  2. Alternation of generations
  3. Multicellular Gametangia
  4. Apical Meristems
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17
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

Swap between haploid and diploid stage

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18
Q

Gametophyte

A

Multicellular haploid

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19
Q

Sporophyte

A

Multicellular diploid

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20
Q

Multicellular Gametangia

A

True land plants have multicellular sex organs

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21
Q

Apical Meristems

A

Tips of roots and stems that keep growing

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22
Q

Additional derived traits of plants

A
  1. Desiccation

2. Mycorrhizae

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23
Q

Desiccation

A

Drying out cuticle which contains wax and other polymers
Help with waterproofing
Protect from microbial attack

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24
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Fungi associated with underground stems

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25
Q

How did plants obtain nutrients without roots?

A

Mycorrhizae

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26
Q 
Nonvascular Plants (?)
3 phylums and the common names
A

(Bryophytes)

Phylum Hepatophyta- liverworts
Phylum Bryophyta- Mosses
Phylum Anthocetophyta- Hornworts

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27
Q

Vascular Plants, Seedless Vascular Plants

2 phylums and common names

A

Phylum Lycophyta- Lycophytes

Phylum Pterophyta- Pterophytes

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28
Q

What do mosses lack that most plants have?

A

Vascular Tissue

Roots

29
Q

Byrophytes

A

Mosses

30
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients to plant

31
Q

Bryrophtes

A

Non vascular plants

32
Q

What does moss need to reproduce?

A

Water

33
Q

4 Steps of Moss Life Cycle

A
  1. During rain storm sperm swim from male reprod. structures to female reprod. structures where they fert. egg
  2. Diploid embryo forms and develops into adult diploid moss
  3. Diploid moss develops capsule which bursts and release haploid spores
  4. Spore lands on moist soil and grows into adult haploid moss
34
Q

Gametophytes

A

Carpeted at the bottom

35
Q

What are gametophytes anchored by?

A

Rhizoids

36
Q

What 3 things are Rhizoids in?

A

Liverworts
Hornworts
True mosses

37
Q

What does a typical sporophyte consist of?

A

Foot
Seta
Capsule

38
Q

What does a sporophyte discharge?

A

Spores

39
Q

Where do we find mosses?

A

Moist environments
Forests
Wetlands

40
Q

What is the ecological importance of moss?

A

Help retain Nitrogen, so trees can grow

Help retain water

41
Q

Sphagnum or “Peat Moss”, wetland genus

A

Help make scotch

Used in fuel

42
Q

Peats

A

Deposits of partially decayed organic material

43
Q

What happens when over harvesting of Sphagnum or a drop in water level in peatlands?

A

Destroy living carpet which causes the area to dry out

44
Q

Fossils of vascular plants date back about…

A

425 MYA

45
Q

Living Vascular plants are characterized by what 3 key features?

A

Vascular tissue for transport
Roots/Leaves
Sporophytes

46
Q

Vascular Tissue for transport

A

Xylem-type of vascular tissue in vascular plants that conduct water and nutrients
Lignin-polymer in xylem that strengthens cells in vascular plants
Phloem- tissue arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

47
Q

What did vascular tissue allow for?

A

Plants to grow tall.

48
Q

Roots

A

Organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil

49
Q

What do roots enable plants to do?

A

Suck up water

Suck up nutrients

50
Q

Where may roots have evolved from?

A

Underground stem

51
Q

Leaves

A

Organs that increase their surface area for photosynthesis

52
Q

Microphylls

?

A

Leaves with 1 vein

Lycophytes

53
Q

Megaphylls (Phylum?)

A

Leaf with multiple veins

Pterophyta

54
Q

Life cycle of vascular plants

A
  1. Spores are released
  2. Sperm fertilizes egg
  3. Taken by wind and blown around
55
Q

Importance of Seedless Vascular Plants

A 
Habitat
Food source
More oxygen
Pulling more Carbon Dioxide, decrease Carbon Dioxide and caused an Ice Age
Common on Carbonisphic Period
56
Q

2 Phylums of Seedless Vascular Plants

A

Phylum Lycophyta

Phylum Pterophyta

57
Q

Phylum Lycophyta

A 
Spike moss
Quillworts
Club moss
-ancestors were giant trees
-microphyll leaves
-roots
-vascular tissue
58
Q

Phylum Pterophyta

A 
Whisk fern
Field horsetail 
Lady fern
-megaphyll leaves 
-more related to seed plants
59
Q

How do nonseedless plants reproduce?

A

Use their spores

60
Q

Sporangium

A

Reproductive cell

61
Q

Rhizoids

A

Long tubular single cells in liverworts, hornworts and mosses

62
Q

What are mosses and other non vascular plants life cycles dominated by?

A

Gametophytes

63
Q

Since mosses and other nonvascular plants don’t have roots what do they use to get their nutrients?

A

Rhizoids

64
Q

The seta is what part on a plant?

A

Stem

65
Q

The capsule is what part on a plant?

A

The little buds at the top

66
Q

Where is the gametophyte on a plant?

A

Carpeted at the bottom

67
Q

What 2 things make up a sporophyte on bryophytes?

A

Capsule

Seta

68
Q

What is one wetland moss genus? What is another name for it?

A

Sphagnum

Peat moss

69
Q

What are living vascular plants life cycle dominated by?

A

Sporophytes

70
Q

What do living vascular plants need to reproduce?

A

Water

Wind

Biology (9 decks)

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