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Plants Flashcards

0
Q

How many species of plants are known?

A

290,000

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1
Q

Seedless plants are classified as…

A

Charophytes

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2
Q

Land plants are classified as having what type of ancestors even though they are _____..

A

Terrestrial

Aquatic

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3
Q

How do you tell an acquatic plant from algae?

A

Real plants have leaves and roots

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4
Q

Which green algae is the relative of land plants?

A

Charophytes

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5
Q

3 main characteristics of plants

A

Photosynthetic
Sessile
Multicellular eukaryotes

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6
Q

Sessile

A

Not mobile, stay in same place forever

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7
Q

3 ways land plants changed the world

A

Gave us more Oxygen
Habitat
Food

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8
Q

Important thing to note about land plants and Charophytes

A

Land plants don’t descend from modern Charophytes

Share a common ancestor with modern Charophytes

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9
Q

What are the 4 key morphological traits land plants share with only Charophytes?

A
  1. Cellulose-synthesizing complexes- rings of protein in membrane
  2. Petoxisome enzymes- help facilitate photosynthesis
  3. Structure of Flagellated sperm
  4. Formation of phagmoplast
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10
Q

Phragmoplast

A

Group of micro tubules

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11
Q

What structure did Charophytes have to prevent their zygotes from drying out?

A

Sporopollenin

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12
Q

Sporopollenin

A

Layer of durable polymers that cover for their spores that allowed them to move to land

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13
Q

Name an adaptation that enabled plants to move to land.

A

Sporopollenin

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14
Q

What were the benefits of plants invading land?

A

Open Habitat
More sunlight
No Predators/ Herbivores
More carbon dioxide

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15
Q

What challenges did land present to plants?

Think jellyfish on land…

A

Scarcity of water

Lack of structural support against gravity

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16
Q

Derived traits of plants or 4 key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but not Charophytes.

A
  1. Have walled spores in their sporangium
  2. Alternation of generations
  3. Multicellular Gametangia
  4. Apical Meristems
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17
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

Swap between haploid and diploid stage

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18
Q

Gametophyte

A

Multicellular haploid

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19
Q

Sporophyte

A

Multicellular diploid

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20
Q

Multicellular Gametangia

A

True land plants have multicellular sex organs

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21
Q

Apical Meristems

A

Tips of roots and stems that keep growing

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22
Q

Additional derived traits of plants

A
  1. Desiccation

2. Mycorrhizae

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23
Q

Desiccation

A

Drying out cuticle which contains wax and other polymers
Help with waterproofing
Protect from microbial attack

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24
Mycorrhizae
Fungi associated with underground stems
25
How did plants obtain nutrients without roots?
Mycorrhizae
26
``` Nonvascular Plants (?) 3 phylums and the common names ```
(Bryophytes) Phylum Hepatophyta- liverworts Phylum Bryophyta- Mosses Phylum Anthocetophyta- Hornworts
27
Vascular Plants, Seedless Vascular Plants 2 phylums and common names
Phylum Lycophyta- Lycophytes | Phylum Pterophyta- Pterophytes
28
What do mosses lack that most plants have?
Vascular Tissue | Roots
29
Byrophytes
Mosses
30
Vascular tissue
Cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients to plant
31
Bryrophtes
Non vascular plants
32
What does moss need to reproduce?
Water
33
4 Steps of Moss Life Cycle
1. During rain storm sperm swim from male reprod. structures to female reprod. structures where they fert. egg 2. Diploid embryo forms and develops into adult diploid moss 3. Diploid moss develops capsule which bursts and release haploid spores 4. Spore lands on moist soil and grows into adult haploid moss
34
Gametophytes
Carpeted at the bottom
35
What are gametophytes anchored by?
Rhizoids
36
What 3 things are Rhizoids in?
Liverworts Hornworts True mosses
37
What does a typical sporophyte consist of?
Foot Seta Capsule
38
What does a sporophyte discharge?
Spores
39
Where do we find mosses?
Moist environments Forests Wetlands
40
What is the ecological importance of moss?
Help retain Nitrogen, so trees can grow | Help retain water
41
Sphagnum or "Peat Moss", wetland genus
Help make scotch | Used in fuel
42
Peats
Deposits of partially decayed organic material
43
What happens when over harvesting of Sphagnum or a drop in water level in peatlands?
Destroy living carpet which causes the area to dry out
44
Fossils of vascular plants date back about...
425 MYA
45
Living Vascular plants are characterized by what 3 key features?
Vascular tissue for transport Roots/Leaves Sporophytes
46
Vascular Tissue for transport
Xylem-type of vascular tissue in vascular plants that conduct water and nutrients Lignin-polymer in xylem that strengthens cells in vascular plants Phloem- tissue arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products
47
What did vascular tissue allow for?
Plants to grow tall.
48
Roots
Organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil
49
What do roots enable plants to do?
Suck up water | Suck up nutrients
50
Where may roots have evolved from?
Underground stem
51
Leaves
Organs that increase their surface area for photosynthesis
52
Microphylls | ?
Leaves with 1 vein | Lycophytes
53
Megaphylls (Phylum?)
Leaf with multiple veins | Pterophyta
54
Life cycle of vascular plants
1. Spores are released 2. Sperm fertilizes egg 3. Taken by wind and blown around
55
Importance of Seedless Vascular Plants
``` Habitat Food source More oxygen Pulling more Carbon Dioxide, decrease Carbon Dioxide and caused an Ice Age Common on Carbonisphic Period ```
56
2 Phylums of Seedless Vascular Plants
Phylum Lycophyta | Phylum Pterophyta
57
Phylum Lycophyta
``` Spike moss Quillworts Club moss -ancestors were giant trees -microphyll leaves -roots -vascular tissue ```
58
Phylum Pterophyta
``` Whisk fern Field horsetail Lady fern -megaphyll leaves -more related to seed plants ```
59
How do nonseedless plants reproduce?
Use their spores
60
Sporangium
Reproductive cell
61
Rhizoids
Long tubular single cells in liverworts, hornworts and mosses
62
What are mosses and other non vascular plants life cycles dominated by?
Gametophytes
63
Since mosses and other nonvascular plants don't have roots what do they use to get their nutrients?
Rhizoids
64
The seta is what part on a plant?
Stem
65
The capsule is what part on a plant?
The little buds at the top
66
Where is the gametophyte on a plant?
Carpeted at the bottom
67
What 2 things make up a sporophyte on bryophytes?
Capsule | Seta
68
What is one wetland moss genus? What is another name for it?
Sphagnum | Peat moss
69
What are living vascular plants life cycle dominated by?
Sporophytes
70
What do living vascular plants need to reproduce?
Water | Wind

Biology (9 decks)

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