Protists Flashcards
protists are closely related to _____________________
plants or animals or fungi
Protists are a __________ group
Paraphyletic
Protist common characteristics (2 of them)
Most abundant in moist or wet habitats
Most are microscopic in size
Eukaryotic nucleus and cytoplasm likely arose in an ancient __________
archaean
Mitochondria and plastids originated from ___________ and cyanobacteria, by endosymbiosis
proteobacteria
Origin of Eukaryotic Cell (4)
Origin of flexible cell surface
Origin of cytoskeleton
Origin of nuclear envelope
Appearance of digestive vesicles
Endosymbiotic acquisition of certain organelles
In the nuclear envelope, __________ create more ____________ for exchange
Infoldings; surface area
Infoldings likely led to the formation to what?
nuclear envelope
Infoldings allowed ingestion via ____________
endocytosis
The origin of the ribosome came from the _______
protists
What does the cytoskeleton do?
Manage shape; distribute daughter chromosomes; move materials
The origin of the digestive vesicles came from the _______
protists
Evolution of _______________ via endosymbiosis
mitochondria and chloroplasts
What is the evidence that the mitochondria and chloroplasts came from endosymbiosis?
Evidence: mitochondria and chloroplasts have own DNA; double membrane; molecular similarities to prokaryotes
Protists are mostly __________ in nature
aquatic
Protists can ________________ (How they can their food)
autotrophs, heterotrophs; switch
“protozoan”: older term for “animal-like” protists; is?
heterotrophic
Some called “algae”: is?
photosynthetic
Amoeboid motion: formation of ____________ (extensions of cytoplasm)
pseudopods
__________: move through coordinated beating of tiny, hairlike
Ciliates
_____________: whiplike push or pull cell
Flagellages
____________ expel excess water taken in (osmosis) by freshwater protists
Contractile vacuoles
____________ carry out digestion of ingested food particles
Food vacuoles
Protist can reproduce __________, but some protists show ________________
sexual and asexual; no sexual reproduction
Asexual processes: _____________________
binary fission, multiple fission, budding, and spore formation
What are the different types of protist?
Excavata, Trypanosoma, Alveolata, Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, Plasmodium, Ciliates, Stramenopila, Diatoms, Brown Algae, Water molds, Red Algae, green algae
Excavata: Most __________________
Many are______________ (euglenids; e.g., Euglena)
Some are_____________ (live in animal guts; e.g. termites)
Some are ____________ (e.g. Trypanosoma)
unicellular; flagellated
photosynthetic
symbionts
parasites
Excavata Trypanosoma: Cause of _______________
various tropical diseases
Alveolata: ____________; saclike, membranous alveoli (cavities) below plasma membranes
Unicellular
What species is found in the genus Alveolata?
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Dinoflagellates
___________________ within grooves on cell
Some________, some_____________, some ____________
Many____________ (golden-brown or even red color)
Unicellular; marine; two flagella
parasitic; endosymbionts; free-living
photosynthetic
Apicomplexans
Are ___________
Name from ______________, a collection of organelles that assist w/ __________
Parasitic; apical complex, host invasion
What are the 2 host in a Plasmodium life cycle?
Two hosts: Anopheles mosquito and vertebrate
The Infective stage in a plasmodium?
sporozoite
What is the stage of a plasmodium that infects the liver and blood cells?
Merozoite stage
In ciliates, Both _____________ (mitosis) and ____________________ (conjugation)
asexual reproduction; sexual genetic recombination
Stramenopila
Often ______________
___________________________ groups
two flagella of unequal length; Photosynthetic & nonphotosynthetic
What are some examples of Stramenopila?
diatoms, brown algae, & water molds
Diatoms
_________; abundant in _________ environments; some ______________ __________(accessory pigments) often give yellow or brown color
No _______
Many have double __________ around cell; beautiful patterns
Unicellular; marine; freshwater
Carotenoids
flagella
silicon plates
Brown Algae
Found in ___________ and are _______
Most have_________ which anchors to substrate; some have __________
Pigment ___________
Marine, multicellular
holdfast; gas bladders
fucoxanthin
What is an example of brown algae?
Seaweed
Water molds (_________-like protists)
Are ___________
“water molds”: aquatic, saprobic (_______________)
fungus
coenocytes
feed on dead organic matter
What does coenocytes mean?
many nuclei within single plasma membrane
Red Algae
Mostly _________, ________cellular
Pigment ___________ (red) + phycocyanin & chlorophyll
______________ of some source of agar
marine; multi-
phycoerythrin
Polysaccharides
green algae
Can be found in _________ and _________ but are mostly found in ________
______cellular or _______cellular (filaments or colonies)
terrestrial; marine; fresh-water
Uni-; multi
Amoebozoa, how do they move?
Pseudopods for locomotion, feeding
Where can Amoebozoa be found?
Freshwater and soil amoebas
What is an example of Amoebozoa?
slime molds
Rhizaria are ___________
thin, hairlike pseudopodia
What is an example of Rhizaria?
Foraminiferans
