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Biology > Animal Origins > Flashcards

Animal Origins Flashcards

1
Q

All members of the kingdom Animalia are believed to have evolved from a ______________ ancestor

A

common flagellated protist

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2
Q

The ____________ made possible the complex, multicellular body plan of animals

A

specialization of cells

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3
Q

Animals obtain their food—complex organic molecules—by _____________ of energy

A

active expenditure

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4
Q

______________,____________, & _____________ support similar animal phylogenies

A

Morphological, developmental, and molecular data

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5
Q

An ______________ is correlated with its ability to move

A

animal’s body cavity

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6
Q

Based on this, animals are classified as ____________ or ____________

A

acoelomates or coelomates

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7
Q

what is Acoelomate?

A

no body cavity

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8
Q

what is Pseudocoelomate?

A

cavity with muscle (mesoderm) only on outside

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9
Q

what is Coelomate?

A

cavity lined with peritoneum (mesoderm)

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10
Q

what is a gut?

A

digestive tract

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11
Q

What are the 2 major bilateral animal lineages?

A

protostomes and deuterostomes

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12
Q

Most animals have _________ or __________ symmetry

A

radial or bilateral

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13
Q

Radially symmetrical animals move ____________

A

slowly, if at all

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14
Q

Those with bilateral symmetry have _________, __________ concentrated at one end, and _____________

A

more rapid movements; neural tissue; sensory organs

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15
Q

What is the sponges phylum?

A

porifera

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16
Q

Sponges are simple animals that lack _________ and _________, but have several __________.

A

cell layers; body symmetry; cell types

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17
Q

Sponges feed via __________

A

choanocytes

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18
Q

What is choanocytes?

A

feeding cells that filter out small organisms and nutrients

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19
Q

In a sponge, what is Spicules?

A

skeletal elements

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20
Q

In a sponge, what are the pores called?

A

Pores called ostia

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21
Q

In a sponge, what is and what does the osculum do?

A

Osculum: large opening where water exits

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22
Q

What phylum are the jellyfish in?

A

Cnidarians

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23
Q

jellyfish are________ symmetrical

A

radially

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24
Q

How many cell layers do jellyfish have?

A

two cell layers

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25
Q

In jellyfish, what are the sting cells called and what do they do?

A

nematocyte; studded tentacles to capture prey larger and more complex than themselves

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26
Q

What kind of gut do jellyfish have?

A

Incomplete gut

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27
Q

What are the 2 stages of jellyfish and what do they do?

A

Polyp - where the jellyfish is born at
Medusa - the jellyfish itself

28
Q

What are the different Cnidarian classes?

A

Class Hydrozoa
Class Scyphozoa
Class Anthozoa
Class Cubozoa

29
Q

What are some examples of Hydrozoa?

A

freshwater Hydra and marine Portugese Man-of-War

30
Q

What are some examples of Scyphozoa?

A

marine; includes jellyfish

31
Q

What are some examples of Anthozoa?

A

marine; includes most corals and sea anemones

32
Q

What are some examples of Cubozoa?

A

marine box jellies, sea wasps

33
Q

Common ancestors of bilateral animals were probably simple, bilaterally symmetrical animals composed of ______________

A

flattened masses of cells

34
Q

When did the Protostomes and Deuterostomes spilt?

A

Split during Cambrian period

35
Q

Protostomes have a ___________ system, __________ cords, and larvae with __________ cilia

A

ventral nervous; paired nerve; compound

36
Q

Deuterostomes have a ___________ system and larvae with _________ cilia

A

dorsal nervous; single

37
Q

Protostomes split into two major clades and what are they?

A

lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans

38
Q

Some Lophotrochozoans have lophophore, what is that?

A

special feeding structure of ciliated tentacles that rings mouth; suspension feeding

39
Q

Some Lophotrochozoans have a special larval stage called?

A

trochophore

40
Q

Growth of lophotrochozoans is ________

A

incremental (do not molt)

41
Q

Lophotrochozoans: Phylum ________ (Starts with a R)

A

Rotifera

42
Q

Rotifers
No larger than many ciliated __________
highly developed ______________

A

protists; internal organs

43
Q

Rotifer have what type of gut?

A

Complete gut

44
Q

Lophotrochozoans: Phylum ______________ (Starts with a P)

A

Platyhelminthes

45
Q

Platyhelminthes are what type of worm?

A

Flat worms

46
Q

Platyhelminthes have ____ body cavity

A

no

47
Q

Platyhelminthes have ____________ for oxygen transport

A

no organs

48
Q

Platyhelminthes have a __________ gut

A

incomplete

49
Q

How do Platyhelminthes move?

A

By cilia

50
Q

Many species of Platyhelminthes are _________

A

parasitic

51
Q

What are examples of Platyhelminthes

A

Chinese liver fluke and tapeworm

52
Q

With in Protostomes, members of several phyla have _______________ forms

A

wormlike body

53
Q

Phylum __________ have a diverse group of segmented worms that live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments

A

Annelida

54
Q

What are the 3 classes of phylum Annelida?

A

Class Oligochaeta
Class Polychaeta
Class Hirudinea

55
Q

Class Oligochaeta: ________________ soil; ___________

A

freshwater or moist; earthworms

56
Q

Class Polychaeta: _________ with fleshy __________ that extend from body __________

A

marine worms; parapodia; segments

57
Q

Class Hirudinea: free-living or parasitic ___________

A

leeches

58
Q

Phylum _________
evolved from _______ ancestors

A

Mollusca; segmented

59
Q

What are the 3 basic components of a mollusca?

A

foot, mantle, and visceral mass

60
Q

In Mollusc, Many species have a radula. What is a radula?

A

a rasping organ used in feeding

61
Q

In mollusc, Most have shells secreted by the ________; some shells are reduced and/or internal

A

mantle

62
Q

What are the classes of mollusc?

A

Chitons
Bivalves
Gastropods
Cephalopods

63
Q

Chitons have __________ shells

A

segmented

64
Q

Bivalves two _________

A

hinged

65
Q

What are examples of Bivalves?

A

clams, oysters, scallops, mussels

66
Q

What are examples of gastropods?

A

snails & slugs; whelks & conchs; marine nudibranchs (“sea slugs”)

67
Q

What are examples of Cephalopods?

A

squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus

Biology (15 decks)

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