Prokaryote Flashcards by Noah Broach

In the word “Prokaryote” mean?

Pro = before, karyon = nucleus

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In Prokaryotes they have; no _______, no _________, no __________

nucleus; organelles; cytoskeleton

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What are the three domains of life?

1) Bacteria and 2) Archaea (both prokaryotes), and 3) Eukarya

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In Bacteria, _______ collection of many species

Diverse

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In Bacteria, So widespread we have only ___________ about their ecology

generalizations

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In Bacteria, Key to success is _____________

metabolic diversity

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More _________- in your gut than all people who ever lived

bacteria

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What are the important biosphere functions in bacteria?

Cycle nutrients (decomposers)
Some trap energy from sun or chemicals
Some help animals digest food

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What are the four common bacteria shapes?

coccus, cocci
bacillus, bacilli
vibrio, vibrios
spirillum, spirilla [rigid]; spirochaetes [flexible]

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What type of shape is coccus, cocci?

Spheres

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What type of shape is bacillus, bacilli?

Rods

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What type of shape is vibrio, vibrios?

Comma-shaped

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What type of shape isspirillum, spirilla [rigid]; spirochaetes [flexible]?

Spirals

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What is the anatomy of a bacteria?

No nucleus; a supercoiled chromosome
Plasma membrane; most have a wall, too Cytoplasm contains ribosomes

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Most bacteria have a cell wall of ____________(amino sugar polymer)

peptidoglycan

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Some bacteria also have __________- capsule

polysaccharide

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Gram staining separates most into two groups and they are?

Gram-positive and gram-negative

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What is a gram-positive tell?

stain blue to purple; thick exterior peptidoglycan layer

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What is a gram-negative tell?

stain pink to red; thin peptidoglycan within lipopolysaccharide envelope

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Some bacteria have rotating _________ made of protein _________

flagella; flagellin

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Some bacterial cells have ________ (shorter, hairlike) for __________ to other cells or surfaces

fimbriae; adhering

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In bacterial reproduction, ______ replicates first

DNA

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In bacterial reproduction, Cells divide by _______ (asexual)

fission

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Bacteria may exchange DNA fragments which is called?

conjugation

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pick up DNA from environment which is what?

transformation

__________ rate means prokaryotes can evolve quickly

Rapid reproductive

What are the different types of bacterial metabolism?

Obligate anaerobes Facultative anaerobes Obligate aerobes

What is Obligate anaerobes?

cannot live if O2 present

What is Facultative anaerobes?

shift between anaerobic & aerobic modes

What is Obligate aerobes?

cannot survive without O2

What are the different ways bacterial can get its nutrition?

Photoautotrophs Photoheterotrophs Chemoautotrophs Chemoheterotrophs

What are Photoautotrophs and examples?

photosynthesizers (algae)

What are Photoheterotrophs?

use sunlight as energy, but use organic compounds as a source of carbon (purple nonsulfur bacteria)

What are Chemoautotrophs?

energy from oxidizing inorganic substances (deep sea thermal vent bacteria)

What are Chemoheterotrophs?

obtain energy and carbon from organic compounds (animals; most known bacteria and Archaea))

Some bacteria metabolize ________________

sulfur or nitrogen

In some bacteria, they use nitrogen or sulfur compounds (not oxygen) as __________

electron acceptors

What is the important role in Diazotrophs?

key role in nitrogen cycle: “fix” nitrogen gas (N2) into form usable by plants/animals

Plants/animals depend on bacteria for________

nitrogen

___________ of dead organisms and return of nutrients to soil

Decomposition

_______________________: descendants of once free-living bacteria

Mitochondria & chloroplasts

Cows & other ruminants (grazers): depend on ____________ to digest cellulose

prokaryotes

Bacteria produce vitamins B12 and K in _______ intestines

human

What are the rules for showing a particular microorganism causes a particular disease?

The microorganism must always be found in individuals with the disease The microorganism can be taken from the host and grown in pure culture A sample of the culture produces the disease when injected into a new, healthy host The newly infected host yields a new, pure culture of microorganisms identical to those obtained in the second step

Pathogen definition: it must?

Arrive at the body surface Enter the body Evade detection/defenses Multiply inside host Infect new hosts

What determines seriousness of infection?

Invasiveness of pathogen Toxigenicity of pathogen

What are Endotoxins and examples?

lipopolysaccharides from outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria; cause fever, vomiting, diarrhea; Salmonella, Escherichia coli

What are Exotoxins and examples?

produced & released by living, multiplying bacteria; tetanus

Enotoxins can be______ toxic or _________; no fever

highly; fatal

What are the different ways of Classifying prokaryotes in the past?

color, shape, staining, antiobiotic resistance used to classify

What are the different ways of Classifying prokaryotes today?

nucleic acid sequences (especially ribosomal or rRNA) giving clues

What are the Bacterial lineages?

Proteobacteria Cyanobacteria Spirochetes

Proteobacteria are the _______ group

largest

Proteobacteria is the origin of_________ in Eukarya

mitochondria

Example of Proteobacteria

E. coil

Cyanobacteria is important _________

photoautotrophs

Cyanobacteria is the origin of ____________ in Eukarya

chloroplasts

Examples of Cyanobacteria

Anabaena; Oscillatoria: colonial, filamentous

Spirochetes resemble ________

corkscrews

Examples of Spirochetes

Some human parasites (syphilis: Treponema); others free-living

Chlamydias are ________ parasites

Intracellular

Examples of Chlamydias

Eye infections, STD, & some forms of pneumonia

Firmicutes: most are gram-________

positive

In Firmicutes, some _______ milk to yogurt or cheese. Some produce __________: heat-resistant resting structures

ferment; endospores

Examples of Firmicutes

Bacillus and Clostridium

Actinobacteria: elaborately branched __________

filaments

Examples of Actinobacteria

Most antibiotics (including streptomycin) from actinobacteria

In some bacteria have Endospores that have a __________ coat and a amazingly long __________

Tough protein; dormant span

Examples of bacteria that have Endospores

Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani

Less diverse than Bacteria are the?

Archaea

Many archaea live in _________ environments?

harsh

Archaea have No ________ in cell wall and they have a unique membrane _______

peptidoglycan; lipids

Some Archaea are ____________________

Thermophiles & acidophiles