Plants Form and Functions Flashcards
What do monocots plants have?
Single cotyledon
Narrow leaves with parallel veins
Flower parts in 3 or multiples of three
Stems with scattered vascular bundles
What do eudicots plants typically have
two cotyledons
broad leaves with netlike veins
flower parts in fours or fives
stem vascular bundles in a ring
What are the Vegetative organs of flowering plants?
Roots, stems, and leaves
What system does the roots make?
Root system
What system does the stems and leaves makes?
Shoot system
_______ anchor the plant and take up water and minerals
Roots
Stems bear _____ and ______
leaves; buds
________ buds form branches
Lateral
___________ (__________) produce cells that contribute to stem elongation
Apical buds (at tip ends)
_________ are responsible for most photosynthesis
Leaves
Their flat blades are usually oriented ___________ to the sun’s rays
perpendicular
_________: single blade leaf
Simple
_________: separate leaflets in one leaf
Compound
Each plant cell has a __________, and sometimes a ___________, cell wall (cellulose)
primary; secondary
Adjacent plant cells are connected by _____________ extending through both cell walls
plasmodesmata
__________ passes between plant cells through the plasmodesmata
Material
What are the 3 different plant ground tissues?
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
__________ cells have thin walls
Parenchyma
In Parenchyma cells, store ______ or _______; some others carry out photosynthesis
starch; lipids
__________ cells provide flexible support
Collenchyma
In Collenchyma cell wall usually have __________ at corners
thickened
celery “strings” contain many ___________ fibers
collenchyma
__________ cells provide strength, and are often dead
Sclerenchyma
In Sclerenchyma, very thick secondary walls with ______ (rigid), in addition to ___________
lignin; cellulose
What are the 2 types of Sclerenchyma cells and where can they be found at?
Elongated fibers (tree bark) and Irregular-shaped sclereids (pears)
_______ _______ transports materials throughout plant
Vascular tissue
What are the 2 categories of vascular tissue?
xylem and phloem
What do xylem transport?
water & dissolved minerals
What do phloem transport?
photosynthetic products, e.g. sugars
Xylem cells called _______ and _______
tracheids and vessel elements
Xylem conduct water and minerals after the _____
cells die
Phloem cells: function when ______
alive (unlike xylem)
_____ members are the conducting cells; perforated ends called sieve plates in phloem tissue
Sieve tube
Their activities are often controlled by ________ _______ in phloem tissue
companion cells
What are the 3 types of plant tissues?
Vascular tissue, dermal tissue, and ground tissue
What does vascular tissue do?
system conducts water, minerals, and the products of photosynthesis
What does dermal tissue do?
system protects the body surface
What does ground tissue do?
system produces and stores food materials and performs other functions
_________ are localized regions of cell division in plants
Meristems
In animals, ______ can and do divide anywhere in body
cells
A _________ __ ________ generates the plant body
hierarchy of meristems
____________ at the tips of stems and roots produce the primary growth of those organs
Apical meristems
What is the primary growth of a plant?
Increase in lenght
What are the three primary tissues daughter cells from apical meristem?
dermal, ground and vascular
What are the three overlapping zone in root tips?
zones of cell division, cell elongation, and cell differentiation (maturation)
What is secondary growth in plants?
Growth of diameter
What are the 2 lateral meristems that are responsible for secondary growth?
vascular cambium and cork cambium
The dermal tissue system consists of the ________
epidermis
What is the purpose for the root hairs?
root hairs responsible for absorbing water and minerals
________ root: vascular tissue in a ring with a central pith region
Monocot
________ root: vascular tissue forms a central stele; xylem cells often form a ‘cross’ or ‘X’ shape
Eudicot
_________ & _______ stems contain vascular bundles
Monocot and dicot
__________: vascular bundles scattered throughout stems
Monocots
________: vascular bundles in a steam are arranged in a ring (cylinder)
Dicots
In eudicot stems and roots with secondary growth, vascular and cork cambia give rise to secondary _______ & ________
xylem and phloem
As secondary growth continues, _______ & _______ are produced
wood and bark
Wood: mostly old secondary ________
xylem
________ is the photosynthetic tissue of a leaf
Mesophyll
What does veins (vascular bundles) do in a leaf?
bring water and minerals to the mesophyll
carry products of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant body
A ____________ prevents water loss from the leaf, but is impermeable to carbon dioxide
waxy cuticle
_____________ control opening of stomata (s. stoma), leaf openings that allow CO2 to enter but also water to escape
Guard cells
What causes the stomata to open can closed?
Water
