Biology Deuterostomes Flashcards
What is the common name for Urochordata?
Tunicates or “sea squirts”
Larvae have _______ and hollow _________
notochords, nerve
What is the common name for Cephalochordata?
lancelets
The _________ lineage separated from the protostome lineage early in the history of animal life.
deuterostome
There are _______ major lineages and species of deuterostomes than protostomes
fewer
Humans are _________
deuterostomes
Echinoderms: _____ symmetrical body plan
radially
What does “pentaradial” mean?
5s or multiples
What kind of vascular system does a Echinoderms have?
Unique water vascular system
What kind of skeleton a Echinoderms have?
Calcified internal skeleton
Echinoderm means __________
“spiny skin”
Nearly all living echinoderm species have bilaterally symmetrical, _______ larva that feeds as a ______ organism
ciliated, planktonic
What are plankton
free-floating; move with water currents for most part
_____ classes of echinoderms survive today; 23 extinct lineages
Five
Which groups of Echinoderms have arms?
Includes sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers
The phylum ___________ includes all vertebrates and some invertebrates
Chordata
What 4 features do all chordates share?
pharyngeal gill slits
a dorsal supporting rod, the notochord
a dorsal hollow nerve cord
a muscular, post-anal tail
(All of these feastures are found at some stage of development)
What do chordates become when they are adults
Sessile (anchored in the water)
Filter prey from seawater with ________ baskets
pharyngeal
Subphylum vertebrata: chordates with _______
backbones
Vertebrates evolved jointed internal skeletons around a __________, which allowed rapid swimming
vertebral column
What do Cephalochordata resemble
small fish
How does Cephalochordata eat?
Filter prey from water with pharyngeal baskets
Early vertebrates had no _______
jaws
Jawed fishes rapidly became _________ marine and fresh water animals
dominant
Jaws evolved from __________________, allowing grasping and chewing of prey
anterior gill arches
Extant (living) jawless fishes: _______ & ________
lamprey and hagfish
What 2 things did fishes evolved?
unjointed fins that controlled swimming movements and provided stability in water
lunglike sacs for suspension
What are the 2 existing groups of fishes?
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes; sharks, skates & rays)
Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
_______ fishes come in a wide variety of sizes and shapes
Osteichthyes (bony)
What two fish lineages evolved jointed fins?
lobe-fins and lungfishes
Many species of fishes have ________. behaviors
complex
____________, the first terrestrial vertebrates
Amphibians
What did amphibians evolve from?
lobe-finned fish
Most amphibians live in __________ for part of their lives, and their eggs must remain _______
water; moist
Lobed fins: the Coelacanth
Indian ocean and off Africa’s coast
Thought extinct until 1938
Lobed fleshy fins show feature that led to amphibian legs
What organism is the translation state between fin to limb?
TIKTAALIK
Modern “reptiles” are members of four lineages
turtles and tortoises; tuataras; snakes and lizards, and crocodilians
About 4,500 amphibian species alive today belong to three orders
caecilians
frogs and toads
salamanders
Respiration through _______ and/or by________
skin (cutaneous) / lungs
Birds arose about _______
175 mya
What do most biologists now consider birds to be?
“feathered dinosaurs”
What are birds mostly closely rated to?
crocodilians
When did the Archaeopteryx live?
Lived ≈150 mya
What did the first Archaeopteryx misidentified as?
A small nonavian dinosaur
What did the late Archaeopteryx fossils show?
feathers
What are the Dinosaur-like feature?
teeth, bony tail
The 9,600 species of living birds are characterized by ________-, _______, and ________
feathers, high metabolic rates, and parental care
__________- evolved during the Mesozoic era, about 225 mya, before dinosaurs became extinct
Mammals
_______- of mammals are fertilized within the bodies of females, and _______ develop there before birth
Eggs; embryos
The three mammal species in ____________ lineage lay eggs (only found in Australia & New Guinea)
Monotremata
All other mammals give birth to ________
developed young
What are some examples of The monotremes
Platypus and echidna.
What are examples of the anthropoids?
tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans
What are the two lineages that the primates split into?
prosimians and anthropoids
_______ and _______ support the origin of Homo sapiens in Africa
DNA and fossil data
What are examples of the prosimians
lemurs, lorises (also includes pottos, bush babies)
___________- evolved in Africa from terrestrial, bipedal ancestors
Hominids
________ evolved large brains, language, and culture
Early humans
______– numbers increased greatly
Human
The human population has grown exponentially after ________, ________, and _________
agricultural, medical, and technological advances
__________ early, stocky humans, 75,000-30,000 years ago, and developed tools, rituals, and domesticated plants and animals
Neanderthals
Humans are _________ the globe and other biodiversity dramatically
impacting
