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General Biology II Lecture > protists > Flashcards

protists Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic organims

A

Euukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotes
- presence of a cytoskeleton
- compartmentalization. (nucleus and organelles)
Apearance of eukaryotes in microfossils ocurred about 1.5 BYA

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2
Q

figure 29.2

A
  • The nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum arose from infolding of prokaryotic cell membrane
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3
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Many organelles evolved via endosymbiosis between ancestral eurkayote and a bacterial cell

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4
Q

Endosymbiosis

Mitochondria

A

Aerobic bacteria enngulfed by larger bacteria

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5
Q

Endosymbiosis

Chloroplasts

A
  • Larger bacteria smaller photosynthetic bacteria
  • chloroplast come from single line of cyanobacteria
  • hosts are not monophyletic
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6
Q

Endosymbiosis

Brown alagae engulfed red algae that already had chloroplasts

A
  • Secondary endosymbiosis
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7
Q

Evidence fro endosymbiosis

Endosymbiosis supported by

A
  • DNA inside mitochondria and chloroplasts
  • DNA similar to bacteria DNA in size and character
  • Ribosomes inside mitochondria similar to bacterial ribosome
  • Chloroplast and mitochondria replicated by binary fission-not mitosis
  • mitosis envolved in Eukaryotes
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8
Q

Mitosis evolved in Eukaryotes

A
  • Prokaryotes carry genes on single DNA molecule
  • Eukaryotes have multiple chromosomes
  • Mitosis and cytokinesus developed to separates chromosomes and other cell contents during cell divison
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9
Q

Overview of protist

A
  • Most diverse of the four eukaryotic kingdoms
  • United on the basis that they are not fungi, plants, or animals
  • Vary considerably in very other aspect
    unicellular, colonial, and multicellular groups
    Most are microscopics buy some are huge
    all symmetries
    all types of nutritions
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10
Q

Protists are present in all eukaryotic supergroups

A
  • Protist are not monophyletic
  • paraphyletic
  • Protists are present in all six eukaryotic supergroups
  • Excavata
  • chromalveolata
  • Archaeplastida
  • Amoeboza
  • Ophisthokonta
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11
Q

Cell surface in protists

A
  • Protists have varied array of cell surfaces
  • Plasma membrane
  • Extracelllar matrix (ECM) in some
  • Diatoms- silica shells
  • Cysts
  • Dormant cell with resistant outer covering
  • used for disease transmission
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12
Q

Locomotion in Protists

Flagella

A
  • One or more
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13
Q

Locomotion in Protists

Cilia

A
  • Shorter and more numerous than flagella
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14
Q

Locomotion in Protists

Pseudopodia (“fakse feet”)

A
  • Chief means of locmotion for amoebas
  • Used by other protists as well
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15
Q

Nutrition in protists

Autothrophs

A
  • Some photosynthetic
  • some chempautotrophic
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16
Q

Nutrition in protists

Heterotrophs

A
  • Phagotrophs- ingest particulate food matter
  • Mixothrophs are both phototrophic and heterotrophic
17
Q

Reproduction in protists

Asexual reproduction

A
  • Typically mode of reproduction
  • Some species have unusual mitosis
  • mitosis- equal size daugther cells
  • Budding- one daughter cell smaller
  • Schizogony- cell division preceded by several nuclear divisions; produces several individuals
18
Q

Reproduction in protists

Sexual reproduction

A
  • Some regularly reproduce sexually, some under stress
  • Meiosis is a major eukaryote innovation
  • Union pf haploid gametes which are reproduced by meiosis
  • Advantage in allowing frequent genetic recombination
19
Q

Protist are bridge to multicellular

A
  • From single cells to colonies to true multicellularity
  • Arisen multiple times
  • Fosters specialization
  • Few innovation have had as great an influence on the history of life
20
Q

Excavata

A
  • This group consists of diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenozoans
  • They share similarities in cytoskeletal features and DNA sequences
21
Q

Diplomonads

A
  • Unicellular
  • Move with multiple flagella
  • 2 nuclei
  • Giardia- parasite
  • Lack functional mitochondria
22
Q

Parabasalids

A
  • Some live in termites guts
  • Have symbiotic relationship with cellulose-degrading bacteria
  • Trichomonas vaginalis-STD
  • Undulating membarne for locomotion
  • Use flagella
  • Have semifunctional mitochondria
23
Q

Euglenozoa

A
  • Bodies change shape when swimming-alternate between being stretched out and rounded up
  • Can change shape becuase they lack cell walls
  • Amongs the earliest eukaryotes to poseses mitochondria
  • Include free-living euglenids and parasitic kinetoplastids
24
Q

Euglenids

A
  • 1/3 of euglenids have chloroplast and are heterotrophic
  • Reproduction is asexual; occurs viaa mitosis
  • Euglena have 2 anterior (and unequal) flagella
  • Attatched at reservoir
  • Contractile vacuoles- collect excess water
  • Stigma- movement towards light
  • Numerous small chloroplasts
  • Likely evolved from symbiotic relationship thrpugh ingestion of green algae
25
Q

Parasitic Kinetoplastids #1

A
  • 2nd major group in Euglenozoa
  • Unique, single mitochondrion
  • DNA maxicircles and minicircles- responsible for rapid glycolysis and unusual RNA editing
  • Trypanosome cause Human diseases
  • Africxan sleeping sickness- tsetse fly
  • Leishmaniasis-sand fly
  • Chagas disease- skin contact with urine or blood of infected wild animal
26
Q

Parasitic Kinetoplastids #2

A
  • Difficult to control because organism repeatedly change their proective coat
  • Elaborate genetic mechanism for changing antigen on coat
  • Difficult to make a vaccine; other methods used to control flies
  • Sequencing of genomes revealed core of cmmon genes in all 3
  • ## hope for single drug target
27
Q

Chromalveolates

A
  • Supergroup consisting of 2 branches: the stramenopiles
  • They may have arisen by one or more secondary

General Biology II Lecture (25 decks)

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