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General Biology II Lecture > Animal development-lower vertebrates > Flashcards

Animal development-lower vertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

General overview if animal development

fertilization

A

fusion of egg and sperm (formation of the zygote)

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2
Q

cellular cleavage

A
  • formation of blastula
  • Under maternal control (especially in lower vertebrates)
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3
Q

Gastrulation

A

formation of the three germ layers-ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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4
Q

Organogenesis

A
  • organ formation
  • Under zygotic control
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5
Q

Maternal sygotic transition (MZT)

A
  • activation of zygoticgene expression
  • cell cycle slows down
  • Tissue movements initiate
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6
Q

Descruptive enbryology terms

A
  • The animal- vegetak axis
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7
Q

Early Xenopus

A

Zygote-8 cell- mid blastula- early gastrula- mid gastrula- early neurula- late neurula

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8
Q

Mid blastula

A

Actication of zygotic gene expression

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9
Q

Cleavage stage

A
  • 1st and 2nd cleavage= vertical
  • 3rd cleavage= equatorial (closer to animal pole)
  • cells of the blastula= blastomeres
  • cavity that form at the center of the blastula= blastocoel
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10
Q

Notice the cells at the vegetal poel are larger why is this so?

A
  • more cells
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11
Q

It is not bith, marriage or death is the most important them in your life, but gastrulation

A
  • lewis wolpert
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12
Q

What is gastrulation?

A
  • Formation of the three primary germ layers
  • Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm
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13
Q

The nechanism of gatrulation can vary among species

A
  • Invertebrates
  • lowe invertebrates (frogs and fish)
  • higher vertebrates (birds and mammals)
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14
Q

Important tissue movements involved in gastrulation

A

Invagination: Inforlding of cell sheet into embryo
- Sea urchins
- fruit dlies

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15
Q

Involution:

A
  • Inturning of cell sheet over the basal surface of an outer layer
  • Frogs
  • fish
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16
Q

Ingression

A
  • Migration of individual cells into the embryo
  • Amniotes
  • birds and mammals
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17
Q

Apical construction of epithelial cells lead to tissue invagination

A
  • note: this involves the actin cytoskeleton at apicla face (red)
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18
Q

Fate map of the frog (xenopus) blastula

Axial

A
  • notochord (important signaling tissue for inducing the CNS and somites)
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19
Q

Paraxial

A
  • somites
  • 9form segmented strictures- vertebrae, musculature, dermis)
20
Q

Fate map of the frog (xenopus) blastula

Intermediate

A

kidneys, gonads

21
Q

Fate map of the frog (xenopus) blastula

Lateral plate

A
  • body wall, limb buds (presursors to the limbs)
22
Q

Fate map of the frog (xenopus) blastula

Ventral

A

blood cells and vessels

23
Q

Fate map of the frog (xenopus) blastula

Much happens during gastrulation (frog example)

A
  • cells of the animal hemisphere migrate over the whole embryonic surface in a process known as epiboly lower vertebrates)
  • ## marginal zone cells involute to form the archenteron (develping gut)
24
Q

During involution

A
  • The mesoderm separates from the endoderm and involutes as a separate tissues layer between the ectoderm and endoderm
  • towards the end the dorsal axial mesoderm elongates in the anteroposterior direction faciliated by convergent extension:
  • The ventrolateral mesoderm moves towards the dorsal midline (converges) and the dorsal midline elongates (extends)
25
Q

Gatrulation:

A
  • formation of the three germ layers
26
Q

Initiation of gastrulation

A
  • marked by the formation of the dorsal lip in the dorsal vegetal quadrant
27
Q

The gastrulating cells interact with

A
  • fibronectin tracks secreted into the ECM b y the lastocoel roof
28
Q

Fibronenic

A

tracks promote the migraHng of involuted deep cells to the animal pole

29
Q

The dorsal lip elongates

A

laterally and then ventrally encircling the whole embryon forming the blastopore

30
Q

The fates of the three gern layers

Ectoderm

A
  • epidermis
  • Cenetral nervous system
  • lens
  • neural crest:
  • melanocytes
  • craniofacial cartilage and bone
  • smooth muscle
  • peripheral neurons
  • some glial cells
31
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • heaed mesoderm
  • notochord
  • somites
  • kidneys
  • limbs
  • blood vessels
  • skeletal muscle
  • heart
32
Q

Endoderm

A
  • Epithelial linings of:
  • liver
  • gut
  • pancreas
  • bladder
  • lungs
33
Q

Neurolation:

A

The ectoderm on the dorsal side becomes the centrao nervous system

34
Q

Notochord

A
  • Signals to the overlying ectoderm to become the neural plate
35
Q

Neural folds

A

form on the outer edges of the neural plate

36
Q

Neural folds

A

fuse at the dorsal midline forming the neural tube and the overlying epidermis

37
Q

Neural crest cells form

A

at the end of neurulation

38
Q

Neural crest forms:

A
  • Melanocytes
  • craniofacial cartilage and bone
  • smooth muscle
  • peripheral neurons
  • some glial cells
39
Q

Tissue

A

Tissue invaginates all around the circumference of the embryo forming the blastopore

40
Q

During and after neurulation

A

there is significant elongation of the body

41
Q

Somites

A

are segmented pairs of paraxial mesodermal 1ssue that give rise to a variety of structures

42
Q

Subdivisions and Bssues derived from

A

the somite

43
Q

Somites are composed of:

A
  • Sclerotome
  • Epaxial myotome
  • Hypaxial myotome
  • dermatome
44
Q

the vertebrae are formed initially of

A

cartilage-> which is later replaced by bone

45
Q

Epaxial myotome

A

forms the segmental muscles of the main body axis

46
Q

Dermatome

A

Forms the dorsal dermis

General Biology II Lecture (25 decks)

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