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General Biology II Lecture > Ecology and evolution of species Interactions > Flashcards

Ecology and evolution of species Interactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecology

A

study of how organism relate to one anotherr and to their enviroments

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2
Q

community ecology

A
  • Study of intercations between species withing a community
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3
Q

Biological communities

A
  • Species that co-occur at any particular locality
  • all fish species within a coral reef
  • all fish species that interact with a specific species of coral
  • all interacting species within a particular locality
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4
Q

Interaction within communities govern many …..

A

ecological and evolutionary process

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5
Q

Biological communities are…….

A

networks of interacting species

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6
Q

An organism…. will determine how (and if) it interacts with other organism

A
  • niche
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7
Q

Ecological niche

A

Total of all the ways an organism uses the resources of its enviroment

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8
Q

Ecological niche

A
  • Space Utilization
  • food comsumption
  • temperature
  • appropiate condition for mating
  • requirements for moisture and more
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9
Q

Tyepes of ecological niches

A
  • Fundamental niche
  • realized niche
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10
Q

Fundamental niche

A
  • entire niche that a species is capable of using
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11
Q

Realized niche

A
  • Actual set of enviromental conditions, presence or absence of other species, in which the species can establish a stable population
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12
Q

What limits a species ability to occupy its fundamental niche?

A

Abiotic factors

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13
Q

Abiotic factors

A
  • Physical barriers
  • climatic variables
  • sufficient habitat/territory
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14
Q

Biotic factors

A
  • species interactions
  • ex: competition
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15
Q

predator

A

prey interactions strongly influence prey population dynamics

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16
Q

Predation

A

consuming of one organism by another

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17
Q

Prey populations can have explosions and crahes

A
  • removal of predator ex. White- tailed deer in Eastern U.S
  • Introduction of predator ex. Introduction of rats, fogds, cats on island
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18
Q

predator exerts strong selection pressure

A

on prey populations

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19
Q

Symbiosis refers to

A

any type of intomate and long-term interaction between 2 or more different species

20
Q

Defined in 1879 by heinrich de bary as

A

” the living together of unlike organisms”

21
Q

there are….. and …….. symbionts
- we are going to focus on……..

A
  • Facultative & obligate
  • obligate
22
Q

why is predation not considered symbiosis?

A
23
Q

Mutualism (+/+)
Benefits both species

A
  • Plants & pollinators
  • Endosymbiotic bacteria
  • lichens
23
Q

Mutualism (+/+)
Benefits both species

A
  • Plants & pollinators
  • Endosymbiotic bacteria
  • lichens
24
Q

Commensalism (+/0)

Entamoeba gingivalis

A

live in the oral cavity of humans- gin

25
Q

PARASITISM (+/-)

A
  • any organism in or on another organism (host) of a different specuesd,causes harm
  • requires host for its survival and development
  • takes some of hosts resources
26
Q

Parasitism exists in all major groups of

A

eukaryotic organims

27
Q

External parasites- Ectoparasites
- live on the external surfaces of the host

A
  • Fleas
  • Ticks
  • lice
  • mites
  • monogeneans (plathyhelimnthes)
  • often gave specialized morphology
28
Q

usually have simple(er) lifecycles

A
  • direct transmission
29
Q

Internal parasites- Endoparasites

A

live inside the host
often higly specialized for a specific host
morphology may be simplified because of where it lives in its host

30
Q

Parasitic worms (helminths)

A
  • trematodes
  • monogeneans
  • cestodes
  • nematodes
  • aca
31
Q

Endoparasites can have very complex life cycles
- Dicrocoelium dendriticum- trematode

A
  • Flatworm lives in ants as an intermediate host with cattle as its definitive host
  • To go from the ant to a herbivorus mammal, it changes the behavior of the ant
  • causes the ant to climb to the top of a blade of grass to be eaten with the grass
32
Q

Symbiotic interactions exist on a continuum acrross

A

ecological and evolutionary time

33
Q

commensal E.coli in human intestines can become

A

pathogenic under certain condition

34
Q

Species interactions can change over

A

evolutionary time

35
Q

Ex. mutualist-

A

parasitic; commensal- mutualist

36
Q

symbiotic intercations exist on a continuum across

A
  • ecological and evolutionary time
  • parasitism has evolved independently 223 times in Animalia (15 phyla)
37
Q

All predictable species interactions have the potential for

A

coevolution

38
Q

coevolution

A

is the reciprocal evolution between two species
- coevolution “arms race”

39
Q

Coevolution in predator- prey systems

A

Plants adapt to predation (herbivory) by evolving mechanism

40
Q
A

herbivory selcted for plant defenses= glucosinolates- herbivores sekect for being

41
Q

Examples of coevolution: Flowering plants and insects

A

Sexual deceptive orchid genus ophrys
attraction of a pollinator is species specific
male insects think the orchid is a female
males able to learj individual flower patterns- remembered this pattern was unsuccessful
thus, avoid already visited ophrys flowe, interoreting them as females rejecting them
prevents the orchid’s self

42
Q

Example of coevlution: Feather lice and Ptarmigans

A
  • Ectoparasites often have dramatic coevolutionary signatures
  • highly specialized morphology
  • very narrow host range/ habitad
43
Q

co-diversification-

A

Reciprocal splitting of two coevolving lineages

44
Q

co-phylogenies

A

can be constructed to test fot concordance, or how closely the branching patterns match

General Biology II Lecture (25 decks)

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