Ecology and evolution of species Interactions

Question 1

Ecology

Answer 1

study of how organism relate to one anotherr and to their enviroments

Question 2

community ecology

Answer 2

• Study of intercations between species withing a community

Question 3

Biological communities

Answer 3

• Species that co-occur at any particular locality
• all fish species within a coral reef
• all fish species that interact with a specific species of coral
• all interacting species within a particular locality

Question 4

Interaction within communities govern many …..

Answer 4

ecological and evolutionary process

Question 5

Biological communities are…….

Answer 5

networks of interacting species

Question 6

An organism…. will determine how (and if) it interacts with other organism

Answer 6

• niche

Question 7

Ecological niche

Answer 7

Total of all the ways an organism uses the resources of its enviroment

Question 8

Ecological niche

Answer 8

• Space Utilization
• food comsumption
• temperature
• appropiate condition for mating
• requirements for moisture and more

Question 9

Tyepes of ecological niches

Answer 9

• Fundamental niche
• realized niche

Question 10

Fundamental niche

Answer 10

• entire niche that a species is capable of using

Question 11

Realized niche

Answer 11

• Actual set of enviromental conditions, presence or absence of other species, in which the species can establish a stable population

Question 12

What limits a species ability to occupy its fundamental niche?

Answer 12

Abiotic factors

Question 13

Abiotic factors

Answer 13

• Physical barriers
• climatic variables
• sufficient habitat/territory

Question 14

Biotic factors

Answer 14

• species interactions
• ex: competition

Question 15

predator

Answer 15

prey interactions strongly influence prey population dynamics

Question 16

Predation

Answer 16

consuming of one organism by another

Question 17

Prey populations can have explosions and crahes

Answer 17

• removal of predator ex. White- tailed deer in Eastern U.S
• Introduction of predator ex. Introduction of rats, fogds, cats on island

Question 18

predator exerts strong selection pressure

Answer 18

on prey populations

Question 19

Symbiosis refers to

Answer 19

any type of intomate and long-term interaction between 2 or more different species

Question 20

Defined in 1879 by heinrich de bary as

Answer 20

” the living together of unlike organisms”

Question 21

there are….. and …….. symbionts
- we are going to focus on……..

Answer 21

• Facultative & obligate
• obligate

Question 22

why is predation not considered symbiosis?

Question 23

Mutualism (+/+)
Benefits both species

Answer 23

• Plants & pollinators
• Endosymbiotic bacteria
• lichens

Question 23

Mutualism (+/+)
Benefits both species

Answer 23

• Plants & pollinators
• Endosymbiotic bacteria
• lichens

Question 24

# Commensalism (+/0) Entamoeba gingivalis

Answer 24

live in the oral cavity of humans- gin

Question 25

PARASITISM (+/-)

Answer 25

- any organism in or on another organism (host) of a different specuesd,causes harm - requires host for its survival and development - takes some of hosts resources

Question 26

Parasitism exists in all major groups of

Answer 26

eukaryotic organims

Question 27

External parasites- Ectoparasites - live on the external surfaces of the host

Answer 27

- Fleas - Ticks - lice - mites - monogeneans (plathyhelimnthes) - often gave specialized morphology

Question 28

usually have simple(er) lifecycles

Answer 28

- direct transmission

Question 29

Internal parasites- Endoparasites

Answer 29

live inside the host often higly specialized for a specific host morphology may be simplified because of where it lives in its host

Question 30

Parasitic worms (helminths)

Answer 30

- trematodes - monogeneans - cestodes - nematodes - aca

Question 31

Endoparasites can have very complex life cycles - Dicrocoelium dendriticum- trematode

Answer 31

- Flatworm lives in ants as an intermediate host with cattle as its definitive host - To go from the ant to a herbivorus mammal, it changes the behavior of the ant - causes the ant to climb to the top of a blade of grass to be eaten with the grass

Question 32

Symbiotic interactions exist on a continuum acrross

Answer 32

ecological and evolutionary time

Question 33

commensal E.coli in human intestines can become

Answer 33

pathogenic under certain condition

Question 34

Species interactions can change over

Answer 34

evolutionary time

Question 35

Ex. mutualist-

Answer 35

parasitic; commensal- mutualist

Question 36

symbiotic intercations exist on a continuum across

Answer 36

- ecological and evolutionary time - parasitism has evolved independently 223 times in Animalia (15 phyla)

Question 37

All predictable species interactions have the potential for

Answer 37

coevolution

Question 38

coevolution

Answer 38

is the reciprocal evolution between two species - coevolution "arms race"

Question 39

Coevolution in predator- prey systems

Answer 39

Plants adapt to predation (herbivory) by evolving mechanism

Answer 40

herbivory selcted for plant defenses= glucosinolates- herbivores sekect for being

Question 41

Examples of coevolution: Flowering plants and insects

Answer 41

Sexual deceptive orchid genus ophrys attraction of a pollinator is species specific male insects think the orchid is a female males able to learj individual flower patterns- remembered this pattern was unsuccessful thus, avoid already visited ophrys flowe, interoreting them as females rejecting them prevents the orchid's self

Question 42

Example of coevlution: Feather lice and Ptarmigans

Answer 42

- Ectoparasites often have dramatic coevolutionary signatures - highly specialized morphology - very narrow host range/ habitad

Question 43

co-diversification-

Answer 43

Reciprocal splitting of two coevolving lineages

Question 44

co-phylogenies

Answer 44

can be constructed to test fot concordance, or how closely the branching patterns match