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Molecules and Cells BDS1 > Proteins, Polysaccharides and Lipids > Flashcards

Proteins, Polysaccharides and Lipids Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe the alpha helix structure

A

rod-like, found in strong extensible proteins, stabilised by hydrogen bonds, CO of each amino acid is H-bonded to NH of amino acid four residues ahead in sequence

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2
Q

describe beta pleated sheets

A

zigzag chains, place several chains side by side, CO and NH groups align, H-bonding occurs, found in proteins where flexibility needed

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3
Q

what is parallel beta pleated sheets?

A

run in the same direction

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4
Q

what is anti-parallel beta pleated sheets?

A

chains run in opposite directions

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5
Q

describe a triple helix

A

collagen only, major component of connective tissues, very strong and water-insoluble fibres, three chains wound round each other, no H bonds, repeating structure

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6
Q

what are fibrous proteins?

A

insoluble and metabolically unreactive, structural proteins

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7
Q

what structures do fibrous proteins contribute to?

A

collagen, keratin, fibrin, elastin, myosin

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8
Q

describe globular proteins

A

spherical, backbone folds on itself, water-soluble compact structures, usually tertiary/quaternary structures

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9
Q

what is the function of myoglobin?

A

oxygen storage in muscle

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10
Q

what shape is myoglobin?

A

globular

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11
Q

what does the absence of a haem group in a myoglobin protein mean?

A

apoprotein, not as tightly folded

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12
Q

what is the function of haemoglobin?

A

oxygen transport

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13
Q

what is the structure of haemoglobin?

A

two pairs of polypeptide chains folded in a shape similar to myoglobin

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14
Q

comment on the haem groups of haemoglobin

A

four haem groups on the surface of the molecule in individual pockets

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15
Q

describe the interactions between the subunits of haemoglobin

A

each alpha subunit is in contact with both beta chains

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16
Q

name the different types of membrane proteins

A

peripheral, integral, channel and carrier

17
Q

where does a peripheral membrane lie?

A

on the membrane surface

18
Q

where do integral proteins lie?

A

within the lipid bilayer

19
Q

what do channel proteins do?

A

form a channel in membranes and facilitate movement of small molecules across membrane

20
Q

what do carrier proteins do?

A

bind to transported molecules

21
Q

what do messenger proteins do?

A

allow cells to communicate with each other

22
Q

what are the 3 modes of action of messenger proteins?

A

influence rate of synthesis of enzymes and other proteins, affect rate of enzymatic catalysis, alter permeability of cell membranes

23
Q

what is the process of messenger sending with messenger proteins?

A

hormone binds receptor-message relayed to inside of cell-cascade of events-cellular action

24
Q

what are example of messenger proteins?

A

HORMONES insulin, glucagon and human growth hormone

25
Q

what are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts, globular proteins, increase reaction rates, highly specific

26
Q

what proteins are involved in muscular contraction?

A

myosin and actin

27
Q

what proteins are involved in immune protection?

A

antibodies and cytokines

28
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A

the building blocks of complex carbohydrates

29
Q

what do aldoses contain?

A

aldehyde group

30
Q

what do ketoses contain?

A

ketone group

31
Q

what is an example of a monosaccharide?

A

glucose

32
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

dehydration/hydrolysis reactions of monosaccharide units form/catabolise complex carbohydrates

33
Q

what makes up a polysaccharide\?

A

isomers of monosaccharides

34
Q

give 3 examples of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen and cellulose

35
Q

what are glycerides based on?

A

glycerol

36
Q

what are triglycerides?

A

storage compounds

37
Q

what are diacylglycerols?

A

major components of biological membranes

38
Q

what are the functions of sterols?

A

some have essential biological activity and others are important constituents of biological membranes

Molecules and Cells BDS1 (13 decks)

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