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Molecules and Cells BDS1 > Introduction to Cells > Flashcards

Introduction to Cells Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What organelles do ALL cell types have?

A

Cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm and ribosomes

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2
Q

Describe prokaryotic cells

A

Small, simple internal structure with no membrane bound structure or organelles, includes bacteria, no nucleus

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3
Q

Describe eukaryotic cells

A

Larger, complex, found in higher-order animal and plants, has a nucleus

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4
Q

What is the cell plasma membrane?

A

A semi-permeable barrier between cytoplasm and external environment

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5
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Retains organically produced chemicals, allows a few molecules across e.g. oxygen and glucose by diffusion/osmosis/active transport/facilitated diffusion, communication by receptors on cell surface

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane

A

Fluid Mosaic. Phospholipid’s have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. Cholesterol is embedded in the bi-layer and provides membrane integrity. Proteins are gateways allowing certain molecules into and out of the cell

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7
Q

Describe a cell membrane pathology

A

Sickle cell anaemia. Hereditary, haemoglobin defects, alterations in lipid bi-layer phospholipids decrease red blood cells life span

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8
Q

What happens in the nucleus?

A

Location of most different types of amino acids, DNA restricted to the nucleus, RNA synthesised here (site of transcription)

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9
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

Double-membrane structure allowing RNA and other chemicals to pass but not DNA.

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10
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The area where ribosomes are made

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11
Q

What is the main function of ribosomes?

A

Facilitate protein translation

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12
Q

Describe the sites of the ribosome

A

E = exit site, P = peptidyl-tRNA binding site, A = aminoacyl tRNA binding site

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13
Q

Describe a ribosome pathology

A

Treacher Collin’s Syndrome - abnormal craniofacial development

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14
Q

Describe the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Mesh of interconnected membranes, involved in protein synthesis and transport

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15
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

Protein modification and production

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16
Q

What proteins does the rough ER produce?

A

Lysosomal enzymes, secreted proteins, integral membrane proteins

17
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

Detoxifies organic chemicals and converts them into water soluble products.

18
Q

What does ER dysfunction result in?

A

Defective folding and processing of proteins. Plays a role with neuro-degenerative diseases and associated with ageing.

19
Q

What goes into the Golgi apparatus?

A

Only correctly folded proteins go to the Golgi apparatus via transport vesicles.

20
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Further modifies proteins, stores proteins, packages proteins.

21
Q

What is a Golgi-related disease?

A

Muscular dystrophy. Functionality lost due to mutations in proteins that make up the Golgi.

22
Q

Describe vacuoles

A

Single-membrane organelles, storage areas, formed by fusion of numerous vesicles

23
Q

Describe vesicles

A

Smaller than vacuoles, function in transport within and to the outside of the cell

24
Q

Describe lysosomes

A

Large vesicles formed by Golgi apparatus, contains hydrolytic enzymes capable of destroying the cell, contents function in the breakdown of extracellular material.

25
Q

What do vacuoles, vesicles and lysosomes all make up?

A

The endomembrane system

26
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of energy release and ATP formation.

27
Q

Describe the outer membrane of the mitochondria

A

Smooth and sieve like

28
Q

Describe the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

Folded into cristae surfaces on which ATP is generated

29
Q

What are mitochondrial dysfunctions

A

Mutations in the maternal DNA of the mitochondria

30
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Material between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope

31
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Facilitates transport of material around the cell

32
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Fibrous proteins in the cytoplasm

33
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Maintains shape of the cell, anchors organelles, moves cell, controls internal movement of organelles.

Molecules and Cells BDS1 (13 decks)

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