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Molecules and Cells BDS1 > Cell Communications > Flashcards

Cell Communications Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the ways of cellular communication BETWEEN cells

A

electrical and chemical communication

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2
Q

what is electrical transmission?

A

direct contact via gap junctions

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3
Q

what do gap junctions allow?

A

flow of current from cell-cell

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4
Q

what is a syncytium?

A

linked cells acting together as one unit

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5
Q

where is chemical transmission used?

A

cell-cell and cell-several cells and many cells-many cells

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6
Q

where is cell-cell chemical transmission used?

A

synpase

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7
Q

where is cell-several cells chemical transmission used?

A

paracrine

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8
Q

where is many cells-many cells chemical transmission used?

A

endocrine

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9
Q

describe the chemical synpase

A

cell-cell. Effect depends on transmitter and the receptor it acts on. One way transmission.

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10
Q

where is chemical synapse common?

A

nervous system

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11
Q

what is the first step in the chemical synapse?

A

impulse arrives at terminal of presynaptic cell

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12
Q

what is the second step in the chemical synapse?

A

transmitter released from storage vesicles

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13
Q

what is the third step in the chemical synapse?

A

transmitter diffuses in synaptic cleft

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14
Q

what is the fourth step in the chemical synapse?

A

transmitter binds to receptor on postsynaptic cell

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15
Q

what alters the postsynpatic cell?

A

excitatory/inhibitory

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16
Q

what is paracrine communication?

A

one cell-several cells. can be part of a cascade of reactions

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17
Q

what cells often use paracrine communication?

A

Defence cells

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18
Q

what is autocrine communication?

A

where chemical acts on cell releasing it (feedback)

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19
Q

what is endocrine transmission?

A

chemical sent to all parts of the body via the blood stream. hormone acts only on cells with the correct membrane receptor protein

20
Q

describe nerve communication

A

actions often very specific or localised, quick impulse transmission and is suitable for rapid responses

21
Q

give examples of communication by nerves

A

control of voluntary muscle contractions, sensory systems, salivary gland responses, control of blood pressure

22
Q

where does communication by hormones (humoral) affect?

A

many cells in different parts of the body

23
Q

describe humoral communication

A

coordinated, body-wide actions. slow to act but effect persists

24
Q

give some examples of humoral communication

A

gastro-intestinal gland responses, control of metabolism and growth, regulation of menstrual cycle

25
Q

what can many intracellular signalling molecules act as?

A

second messengers

26
Q

what are first messengers?

A

chemical transmitter which acts on a receptor

27
Q

what can some first messengers do?

A

pass through the target cell membrane and act on receptors inside the target cell

28
Q

what are steroids?

A

lipids that can pass through the outer cell membrane

29
Q

what do steroids do?

A

act on receptors inside the target cell

30
Q

what does the steroid-receptor complex do?

A

act on the DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis

31
Q

what does the protein produced from steroid transmitters do?

A

alters cell function

32
Q

can peptide transmitters pass through the cell membrane?

A

no

33
Q

how do peptide transmitters transmit their signal?

A

they bind to the plasma membrane receptors and set up a series of reactions controlled by G-proteins

34
Q

what do G-proteins do?

A

activate second messengers

35
Q

give 2 examples of second messengers

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium ions (Ca++)

36
Q

what is the first step in hydrophilic signal transmission?

A

the transmitter binds to a membrane receptor

37
Q

what is the second step in hydrophilic signal transmission?

A

G-protein is activated

38
Q

what is the third step in hydrophilic signal transmission?

A

guanosine triphosphate (GTP) activates the G-protein

39
Q

what is the fourth step in hydrophilic signal transmission?

A

ATP is converted to cyclic AMP by the enzyme adenyl cyclase

40
Q

what are steps 5 and 6 of hydrophilic signal transmission?

A

cAMP activates an enzyme called protein kinase

41
Q

what is step 7 of hydrophilic signal transmission?

A

protein kinase activates a specific enzyme which catalyses a chemical reaction

42
Q

what is step 8 of hydrophilic signal transmission?

A

formation of a molecule

43
Q

what is step 1 of calcium as a second messenger

A

transmitter binds to a membrane receptor

44
Q

what is step 2 of calcium as a second messenger

A

G-protein activates which activates the phospholipase enzyme which causes the opening of calcium channels and calcium enters by diffusion

45
Q

what is step 3 as calcium as a second messenger?

A

calcium binds to a protein in the cytosol

46
Q

what does Ca2+-calmodulin complex act as?

A

a second messenger

47
Q

what is step 4 of calcium as a second messenger?

A

Ca2+-calmodulin regulates an enzyme which regulates a chemical reaction

Molecules and Cells BDS1 (13 decks)

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