Molecular Basis of Health, Disease and Therapeutics

Question 1

what are the 3 main steps in cell communication signalling pathway?

Answer 1

receptor ligation, signal transduction and cell response

Question 2

what are the 3 classes of membrane receptors?

Answer 2

G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme-linked receptors an ion channel receptors

Question 3

where are the majority of receptors located?

Answer 3

trans-membrane

Question 4

describe G-protein coupled receptors

Answer 4

largest and most diverse group of membrane receptors

Question 5

what do active G-proteins do?

Answer 5

active G-proteins activate cell membrane proteins

Question 6

what is the role of enzyme-coupled receptors?

Answer 6

regulating cell growth, differentiation and survival

Question 7

what do tyrosine kinases do?

Answer 7

add phosphate to tyrosine

Question 8

what do ion-channels do?

Answer 8

convert chemical messages into electrical mesages

Question 9

what are the different types of ion channels?

Answer 9

ligand gated and voltage gated

Question 10

where are ion channels important in?

Answer 10

neuronal and muscular action potentials

Question 11

what does lidocaine do?

Answer 11

blocks voltage-gated sodium channels

Question 12

what does receptor ligation do to intracellular domain?

Answer 12

causes it to change shape

Question 13

what are the signalling events that take place inside the cell?

Answer 13

phosphorylation, second messengers and action potentials

Question 14

what does signal transduction do?

Answer 14

amplifies the signal and delivers the signal to effector proteins

Question 15

what does cell comunication lead to?

Answer 15

regulation of cellular responses

Question 16

how do signalling pathways regulate protein translation?

Answer 16

turning the genes on or off

Question 17

what is a transcription factor?

Answer 17

a protein that binds DNA to regulate gene transcription

Question 18

what are effector proteins in the cytoplasm?

Answer 18

enzymes involved in cellular metabolism

Question 19

what are effector proteins in the nucleus?

Answer 19

transcription factors involved in regulation of gene expression

Question 20

name microscopic level cell responses

Answer 20

differentiation, proliferation, migration and apoptosis

Question 21

what are cell fate decisions based on?

Answer 21

integration from multiple inputs

Question 22

name some breakdowns in cellular communication

Answer 22

loss of the signal, failure to respond to a signal, failure of signal to reach target cell, overexpression of signal and multiple breakdowns may occur

Question 23

what do osteoblasts do?

Answer 23

synthesises and secretes bone tissue

Question 24

what do osteoclasts do and where are they derived from?

Answer 24

resorbs bone and are derived from monocyte/macrophage lineage

Question 25

what can breakdown in cell communication lead to?

Answer 25

uncontrolled cell growth

Question 26

what happens if the cell loses the ability to respond to death signals?

Answer 26

it divides out of control

Question 27

what does cancer involve?

Answer 27

multiple breakdowns in communication

Question 28

what is chemotherapy?

Answer 28

systemic administration of one or more anti-cancer drugs

Question 29

what is radiotherapy?

Answer 29

radiation damages DNA in cancer cells

Question 30

what is immune therapy?

Answer 30

immune system capable of recognising and killing faulty cells

Question 31

how do drugs interact chemically with their target?

Answer 31

through binding proteins in cell membrane to induce a cellular response

Question 32

how do drugs ensure therapeutic benefit?

Answer 32

they manipulate existing cell communication pathways

Question 33

what does disruption to cellular communication do?

Answer 33

causes disease