Molecular Basis of Health, Disease and Therapeutics Flashcards
what are the 3 main steps in cell communication signalling pathway?
receptor ligation, signal transduction and cell response
what are the 3 classes of membrane receptors?
G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme-linked receptors an ion channel receptors
where are the majority of receptors located?
trans-membrane
describe G-protein coupled receptors
largest and most diverse group of membrane receptors
what do active G-proteins do?
active G-proteins activate cell membrane proteins
what is the role of enzyme-coupled receptors?
regulating cell growth, differentiation and survival
what do tyrosine kinases do?
add phosphate to tyrosine
what do ion-channels do?
convert chemical messages into electrical mesages
what are the different types of ion channels?
ligand gated and voltage gated
where are ion channels important in?
neuronal and muscular action potentials
what does lidocaine do?
blocks voltage-gated sodium channels
what does receptor ligation do to intracellular domain?
causes it to change shape
what are the signalling events that take place inside the cell?
phosphorylation, second messengers and action potentials
what does signal transduction do?
amplifies the signal and delivers the signal to effector proteins
what does cell comunication lead to?
regulation of cellular responses
how do signalling pathways regulate protein translation?
turning the genes on or off
what is a transcription factor?
a protein that binds DNA to regulate gene transcription
what are effector proteins in the cytoplasm?
enzymes involved in cellular metabolism
what are effector proteins in the nucleus?
transcription factors involved in regulation of gene expression
name microscopic level cell responses
differentiation, proliferation, migration and apoptosis
what are cell fate decisions based on?
integration from multiple inputs
name some breakdowns in cellular communication
loss of the signal, failure to respond to a signal, failure of signal to reach target cell, overexpression of signal and multiple breakdowns may occur
what do osteoblasts do?
synthesises and secretes bone tissue
what do osteoclasts do and where are they derived from?
resorbs bone and are derived from monocyte/macrophage lineage
what can breakdown in cell communication lead to?
uncontrolled cell growth
what happens if the cell loses the ability to respond to death signals?
it divides out of control
what does cancer involve?
multiple breakdowns in communication
what is chemotherapy?
systemic administration of one or more anti-cancer drugs
what is radiotherapy?
radiation damages DNA in cancer cells
what is immune therapy?
immune system capable of recognising and killing faulty cells
how do drugs interact chemically with their target?
through binding proteins in cell membrane to induce a cellular response
how do drugs ensure therapeutic benefit?
they manipulate existing cell communication pathways
what does disruption to cellular communication do?
causes disease
