Proteins (Enzymes) Flashcards
What shape are proteins?
Long shapes folded numerous times for their specific surface.
What are proteins made of?
Long chains of Amino Acids.
Name a purpose of proteins other than enzymes.
Structural
In muscles proteins are interlinking.
What are hormones made of?
Proteins.
Give an example of a protein that is a hormone.
Insulin.
What does insulin do?
It reduces blood sugar by making the uptake of glucose in the liver faster.
Where is insulin produced?
The pancreas.
What are antibodies made of?
Proteins.
What produces antibodies?
White Blood Cells.
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst in the human body.
What effect do Enzymes have on a rate of reaction?
They increase the rate of reaction.
What are enzymes made of?
Long chains of amino acids.
Are enzymes polymers?
Yup
What is the active site?
Where a substrate fits into an enzyme and where reactions occur.
What is the activation energy?
The amount of energy needed for a reaction to take place.
What effect do enzymes have on the Activation energy?
They reduce it.
What effect does temperature have on enzymes and reactions?
It increases the rate of reaction until it passes the optimum temperature where the enzymes will begin to denature.
What is the optimum temperature?
The temperature where the reaction is fastest and enzymes work best.
What is denaturing?
When the active site of a protein changes shape and the substrate no longer fits into it.
What is the optimum ph?
The ph where a reaction involving enzymes works fastest.
True or false:
All enzymes work best at a ph of 4.
False.
Enzymes all work best at different ph’s.
What are enzymes that work outside cells called?
Extra cellular enzymes.
What is digestion?
The process of food being broken down into smaller molecules that the body can absorb.
How does chewing food help digestion?
It creates a larger surface area for enzymes.
What enzyme is in saliva?
Amylase.
What does amylase break down?
Starch.
What is the product when amylase breaks food down?
Sugars and Glucose.
Where is Amylase produced?
Salivary Glands
Where is protease produced?
The walls of the stomach.
What does protease digest and what is the product?
It digests proteins into amino acids.
What Acid is in the Stomach?
Hydrochloride Acid.
What are the purposes of Acid in the stomach?
It creates an optimum ph and kills Bacteria on food.
What is the optimum ph for stomach proteins?
Acidic.
About 2-3.
Finish off digestion.
Now.
What sort of enzymes are in biological detergents?
Protease sand Lipases.
What is the product of Lipases?
Glycerol and fatty acids.
What do Lipases digest?
Fat.
What are advantages of biological detergent?
They clean clothing better and can be used at lower washing temperatures.
What are the disadvantages of biological detergents?
If not rinsed off they can cause rashes on the skin and lead to irritations and allergies.
How are enzymes used in baby food?
Protease enzymes pre digest the food so that the baby’s digestive system can handle it.
What sort of enzymes are used in baby food?
Professes.
What is isomerise used for in industry?
Converting glucose syrup to fructose.
Why is fructose used in slimming foods?
Because it is very sweet and therefore less of it needs to be used.
What enzyme turns starch into sugar syrup and why is this used in industry?
Isomerase.
It is used because sugar is expensive and this process is cheaper.
