Proteins/Amino Acids & Enzymes Flashcards
1
Q
Not produced; cannot be synthesized: From the diet/required in the diet
A
Essential Amino Acid
2
Q
Can be produced by the body, but SOMETIMES MAY BE INSUFFICIENT
A
Semi-essential Amino Acid
3
Q
Can be produced by the body
A
Non-Essential Amino Acid
4
Q
What are the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID (FVT WIM HRLK)
A
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine
5
Q
What are the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID (FVT WIM HRLK)
A
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine
6
Q
Aromatic Amino Acids
A
W F Y
7
Q
Branched Chain amino acids
A
L I V
8
Q
Sulfur containing amino acid
A
C M
9
Q
Alcohol containing
A
S T
10
Q
Acidic amino acid
A
E D
11
Q
Basic amino acid
A
H R K
12
Q
ph where there are equal positive and negative charged amino acid
A
Isoelectric point
13
Q
Agents that Denature Proteins
A
- High Temp
- Extremes in pH
- Organic Solvent (Alcohol, B-mercaptoethanol)
- High salt concentration
14
Q
Transport Proteins
A
Hemoglobin
Transferrin
Albumin
15
Q
Storage Proteins
A
Myoglobin
Ferritin
16
Q
Structural Proteins
A
Collagen
Keratin
17
Q
Regulatory Proteins
A
Hormones
18
Q
Protein portion of an enzyme without a bound cofactor
A
Apoenzyme
19
Q
Whole enzyme (apoenzyme + prosthetic group); Active form of an enzyme
A
Holoenzyme
20
Q
Inorganic cofactors that remain tightly bound to the enzymes
A
Prosthetic group
21
Q
Organic compounds derived from vitamins; remain loosely bound to the enzyme
A
Coenzyme
22
Q
Transfer electrons and protons in redox reaction
A
NAD+/NADP+
FAD/FMN
Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone)
23
Q
Transfer electrons and protons in redox reaction specially for the HYDROXYLATION OF AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS
A
Tetrahydrobiopterin (THBP)
24
Q
Carry ACYL GROUP and active ALDEHYDES; presence of SULFUR
A
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
Lipoic Acid
Coenzyme A
25
Transamination
Decarboxylation
Racemization
Pyridoxal phosphate
26
Carboxylation (activation and transfer of carbon dioxide)
Biocytin
27
One carbon group transfer (methyl, methylene, methenyl, formyl,)
Tetrahydropholic acid/Tetrahydrofolate
28
Alkyl group transfer (2 or more carbons)
Cobamide coenzyme/methyl covamide
29
6 major groups of enzymes
(OTHLIL)
Oxidoreductace
Transferases
Hydrolases
Lyases
Isomerases
Ligases
30
Transaminase
Phase 2 Metabolic Enzymes
DNA Polymerases
RNA Polymerases
Kinases
Methyltransferase
Phosphorylase
Glycogen synthase
Transferases
31
Dehydrogenases
Oxidases
Reductases
Oxidoreductase
32
Nucleases
Lipases
Amylases
Protease/Peptidase
Acetylcholinesterase
Inulase
Tannase
Sucrase
Chymotrypsin
Urea
L-asparaginase
Hydroxylases
33
Carbonic anhydrase
Aldolase
Decarboxylases
Fumarase
Deaminase
Dehydratase
Hydratase
Lyases
34
Carbonic anhydrase
Aldolase
Decarboxylases
Fumarase
Deaminase
Dehydratase
Hydratase
Lyases
35
Triose phosphate isomerase
Epimerase
Racemases
Malate isomerase
Mutases
Isomerases
36
Triose phosphate isomerase
Epimerase
Racemases
Malate isomerase
Mutases
Isomerases
37
Synthetases/Synthase
Glycogen synthase
DNA ligase
Asparagine synthetase
Carboxylase
Chelatases
Succinyl thiokinase
Ligases
38
▪️ Polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
▪️Elemental Composition: CHON
▪️Most abundant biomolecule (70%)
Proteins
39
Oxygen carriers
Hemoglobin (in blood) & Myglobin (in skeletal muscle)
40
Carriers 4 O2 molecules
Hemoglobin (in blood)
41
carrier 1 O2 molecule
Myoglobin (in skeletal muscle)
42
Storage form of Fe
Ferritin & Hemosiderin
43
Transport form of Fe
Transferrin
44
Usually carry ACIDIC drugs
Albumin
45
Usually carry ALKALINE drugs
a-1 acid glycoprotein
46
Found in cardiac muscles; calcium dependant action
Actin and Myosin
47
▪️ Decreased activation energy of reactants resulting to a faster rate of chemical reactions
▪️mostly CHON, except Ribosomes (RNA enzymes)
Enzymes
48
Carbohydrate metabolism
Insulin (B-cells) and
Glucagon (a-cells)
49
Love hormone
Oxytocin
50
Antidiuretic hormone
Vasopressin
51
Growth hormone
Somatropin
52
Thyroid hormones
T3 & T4
53
Most abundant protein in skeletal muscle
Collagen
54
Found in Skeletal Muscle; Major structural protein in blood vessels and heart valves
Elastin
55
Found in skin, hair and nails
Keratin
56
▪️Present in Silk
▪️Major protein present in spider web
Fibroin
57
▪️Building blocks of protein
▪️Zwitterions - amphoteric molecules (have positive & negative charge)
Amino Acids
58
▪️ Amino acids with at least one specific codon existing in the DNA genetic code
▪️20 standard AA, others will be classified as derive amino acids
▪️They exist as alpha-AA
Standard/Common AA
59
Does not exist as alpha AA; classified as an IMINO AA
Proline
60
Non-Polar AA
Mnemonics: GAVI L MPFW
Glycine
Alanine
Valine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Methionine
Proline
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
61
Polar AA
Mnemonics: SNQCT + Y
Serine
Asparagine
Glutamine
Cysteine
Threonine
Tyrosine
62
Acidic AA
Mnemonics: D &E
Aspartic Acid
Glutamic Acid
63
Basic AA
Mnemonics: R,H,K
Arginine
Histidine
Lysine
64
Aromatic AA
Mnemonics: WFY
Tryptophan
Phenyalanine
Tyrosine
65
Branched AA
Mnemonics: LIV
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
66
Sulfur-containing AA
Mnemonics: C, M
Cysteine
Methionine
67
Ketogenic AA
Mnemonics: K,L
Leucine
Lysine
68
Both Ketogenic & Glucogenic
Mnemonics: F, I,T,T
Phenylalanine
Isoleucine
69
Glucogenic AA
All AA that not stated/mentioned
70
Important in the structure of collagen
Hydroxyproline
71
Responsible for the cross-linking of collagen
Hydroxylysine
72
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEIN BASED ON CONFORMATION
▪️More filamentous or elongated
▪️Extended conformation
▪️Water INSOLUBLE
▪️Fibrinogen, Collagen, Keratin, Muscle proteins, Elastin (FCK ME)
Fibrous
73
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEIN BASED ON CONFORMATION
▪️Compactly folded & coiled
▪️Spherical shape
▪️Water SOLUBLE
▪️Casein, Hemoglobin, Enzymes, Protein hormones, Albumin, Globulin (CHEPAG)
Globular
74
Found in egg, blood (serum albumin)
Albumin
75
Most of our ACIDIC drugs bind to _____, while the BASIC drugs bind to _____.
▪️Albumin (For Acidic Drugs)
▪️Glycoprotein (For Basic Drugs)
76
Egg white
Ovalbumin
77
Found in milk (pampaantok)
Casein
78
GLUTELIN
▪️In wheat
Glutenin
79
PROLAMINES (rich in Proline)
▪️Corn
▪️Wheat
▪️Zein (corn)
▪️Gliadin (wheat)
80
ALBUMINOIDS
▪️Hair & horny tissue
▪️Tendons & Arteries
▪️ Skin & Tendons
▪️Keratin (Hair & horny tissue)
▪️Elastin (Tendons & Arteries)
▪️Collagen (Skin & Tendons)
81
Rich in Arginine
Histones
82
PROTAMINE
▪️Salmon
▪️Sperm of Fish
▪️Salmine (Salmon)
▪️Sturine (Sperm of Fish)
83
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
▪️Found in saliva, tears and breast milk; Prevents colonization of pathogens in mucosal areas
IgA
84
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
▪️ Activates basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors
IgD
85
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
▪️ Binds to allergens and triggers histamine
▪️ Mediates immediate (Type 1) hypersensitivity reaction by causing release of mediators from mast cells and basophils
IgE
86
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
▪️ Provides majority of antibody-based immunity; can cross placenta to give passive immunity to fetus; capable of opsonization
▪️Neutralizes bacterial toxins and viruses
IgG
87
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
▪️Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B-cell mediated immunity before there is sufficient
IgM
88
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Mnemonics: GAMED
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
89
Most abundant protein in vertebrates
Collagen
90
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS
▪️a-keto acid dehydrogenase deficiency
▪️Disorder of VALINE (LIV) metabolism
▪️Sweet-smelling urine
Maple Syrup Disease (MSUD)
91
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS
▪️Homogentisate oxidase deficiency
▪️Disorder of TYROSINE metabolism
▪️Manifestation: Black urine, crippling arthritis
Alkaptonuria
92
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS
▪️Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency
▪️Disorder of PHENYLALANINE metabolism
▪️Aspartame - contraindiction
Phenylketonuria
93
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS
▪️Cystathione beta synthase deficiency
▪️Disorder of METHIONINE metabolism
Homocystinuria
94
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS
▪️Achromia/Achromasia
▪️Defect in the distention of melanin (from Tyrosine)
Albinism
95
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS
▪️NO energy, NO protein
▪️A form of severe protein energy malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency
Marasmus
96
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS
▪️HAVE energy, NO protein
▪️ Caused by insufficient protein intake
Kwashiorkor
97
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS
▪️ Deficiency of NIACIN (Tryptophan)
▪️Hartnup's Disease
▪️Characterized by Dementia, Diarrhea & Dermatitis
Pellagra
98
Vitamin cofactors
Co-enzymes
99
INACTIVE form of an enzymes
Zymogens or Proenzymes
100
Protein part of an enzyme
Apoenzymes
101
Non protein part of an enzyme (Prosthetic group)
Cofactor
102
Catalytically ACTIVE form of an enzyme
Holoenzyme
103
In sickle cell anemia, Glu is replaced by which amino acid
Valine
104
Amino acids that not optically active
Glycine (G)
