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M2: Biochemistry > Proteins/Amino Acids & Enzymes > Flashcards

Proteins/Amino Acids & Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

Not produced; cannot be synthesized: From the diet/required in the diet

A

Essential Amino Acid

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2
Q

Can be produced by the body, but SOMETIMES MAY BE INSUFFICIENT

A

Semi-essential Amino Acid

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3
Q

Can be produced by the body

A

Non-Essential Amino Acid

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4
Q

What are the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID (FVT WIM HRLK)

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine

Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine

Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine

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5
Q

What are the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID (FVT WIM HRLK)

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine

Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine

Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine

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6
Q

Aromatic Amino Acids

A

W F Y

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7
Q

Branched Chain amino acids

A

L I V

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8
Q

Sulfur containing amino acid

A

C M

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9
Q

Alcohol containing

A

S T

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10
Q

Acidic amino acid

A

E D

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11
Q

Basic amino acid

A

H R K

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12
Q

ph where there are equal positive and negative charged amino acid

A

Isoelectric point

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13
Q

Agents that Denature Proteins

A
  1. High Temp
  2. Extremes in pH
  3. Organic Solvent (Alcohol, B-mercaptoethanol)
  4. High salt concentration
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14
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Hemoglobin
Transferrin
Albumin

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15
Q

Storage Proteins

A

Myoglobin
Ferritin

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16
Q

Structural Proteins

A

Collagen
Keratin

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17
Q

Regulatory Proteins

A

Hormones

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18
Q

Protein portion of an enzyme without a bound cofactor

A

Apoenzyme

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19
Q

Whole enzyme (apoenzyme + prosthetic group); Active form of an enzyme

A

Holoenzyme

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20
Q

Inorganic cofactors that remain tightly bound to the enzymes

A

Prosthetic group

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21
Q

Organic compounds derived from vitamins; remain loosely bound to the enzyme

A

Coenzyme

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22
Q

Transfer electrons and protons in redox reaction

A

NAD+/NADP+
FAD/FMN
Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone)

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23
Q

Transfer electrons and protons in redox reaction specially for the HYDROXYLATION OF AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS

A

Tetrahydrobiopterin (THBP)

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24
Q

Carry ACYL GROUP and active ALDEHYDES; presence of SULFUR

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
Lipoic Acid
Coenzyme A

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25
Q

Transamination
Decarboxylation
Racemization

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

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26
Q

Carboxylation (activation and transfer of carbon dioxide)

A

Biocytin

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27
Q

One carbon group transfer (methyl, methylene, methenyl, formyl,)

A

Tetrahydropholic acid/Tetrahydrofolate

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28
Q

Alkyl group transfer (2 or more carbons)

A

Cobamide coenzyme/methyl covamide

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29
Q

6 major groups of enzymes
(OTHLIL)

A

Oxidoreductace
Transferases
Hydrolases
Lyases
Isomerases
Ligases

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30
Q

Transaminase
Phase 2 Metabolic Enzymes
DNA Polymerases
RNA Polymerases
Kinases
Methyltransferase
Phosphorylase
Glycogen synthase

A

Transferases

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31
Q

Dehydrogenases
Oxidases
Reductases

A

Oxidoreductase

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32
Q

Nucleases
Lipases
Amylases
Protease/Peptidase
Acetylcholinesterase
Inulase
Tannase
Sucrase
Chymotrypsin
Urea
L-asparaginase

A

Hydroxylases

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33
Q

Carbonic anhydrase
Aldolase
Decarboxylases
Fumarase
Deaminase
Dehydratase
Hydratase

A

Lyases

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34
Q

Carbonic anhydrase
Aldolase
Decarboxylases
Fumarase
Deaminase
Dehydratase
Hydratase

A

Lyases

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35
Q

Triose phosphate isomerase
Epimerase
Racemases
Malate isomerase
Mutases

A

Isomerases

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36
Q

Triose phosphate isomerase
Epimerase
Racemases
Malate isomerase
Mutases

A

Isomerases

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37
Q

Synthetases/Synthase
Glycogen synthase
DNA ligase
Asparagine synthetase
Carboxylase
Chelatases
Succinyl thiokinase

A

Ligases

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38
Q

▪️ Polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
▪️Elemental Composition: CHON
▪️Most abundant biomolecule (70%)

A

Proteins

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39
Q

Oxygen carriers

A

Hemoglobin (in blood) & Myglobin (in skeletal muscle)

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40
Q

Carriers 4 O2 molecules

A

Hemoglobin (in blood)

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41
Q

carrier 1 O2 molecule

A

Myoglobin (in skeletal muscle)

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42
Q

Storage form of Fe

A

Ferritin & Hemosiderin

43
Q

Transport form of Fe

A

Transferrin

44
Q

Usually carry ACIDIC drugs

A

Albumin

45
Q

Usually carry ALKALINE drugs

A

a-1 acid glycoprotein

46
Q

Found in cardiac muscles; calcium dependant action

A

Actin and Myosin

47
Q

▪️ Decreased activation energy of reactants resulting to a faster rate of chemical reactions
▪️mostly CHON, except Ribosomes (RNA enzymes)

A

Enzymes

48
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism

A

Insulin (B-cells) and
Glucagon (a-cells)

49
Q

Love hormone

A

Oxytocin

50
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Vasopressin

51
Q

Growth hormone

A

Somatropin

52
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

T3 & T4

53
Q

Most abundant protein in skeletal muscle

A

Collagen

54
Q

Found in Skeletal Muscle; Major structural protein in blood vessels and heart valves

A

Elastin

55
Q

Found in skin, hair and nails

A

Keratin

56
Q

▪️Present in Silk
▪️Major protein present in spider web

A

Fibroin

57
Q

▪️Building blocks of protein
▪️Zwitterions - amphoteric molecules (have positive & negative charge)

A

Amino Acids

58
Q

▪️ Amino acids with at least one specific codon existing in the DNA genetic code
▪️20 standard AA, others will be classified as derive amino acids
▪️They exist as alpha-AA

A

Standard/Common AA

59
Q

Does not exist as alpha AA; classified as an IMINO AA

A

Proline

60
Q

Non-Polar AA

Mnemonics: GAVI L MPFW

A

Glycine
Alanine
Valine
Isoleucine

Leucine

Methionine
Proline
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan

61
Q

Polar AA

Mnemonics: SNQCT + Y

A

Serine
Asparagine
Glutamine
Cysteine
Threonine

Tyrosine

62
Q

Acidic AA

Mnemonics: D &E

A

Aspartic Acid
Glutamic Acid

63
Q

Basic AA

Mnemonics: R,H,K

A

Arginine
Histidine
Lysine

64
Q

Aromatic AA

Mnemonics: WFY

A

Tryptophan
Phenyalanine
Tyrosine

65
Q

Branched AA

Mnemonics: LIV

A

Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine

66
Q

Sulfur-containing AA

Mnemonics: C, M

A

Cysteine
Methionine

67
Q

Ketogenic AA

Mnemonics: K,L

A

Leucine
Lysine

68
Q

Both Ketogenic & Glucogenic

Mnemonics: F, I,T,T

A

Phenylalanine
Isoleucine

69
Q

Glucogenic AA

A

All AA that not stated/mentioned

70
Q

Important in the structure of collagen

A

Hydroxyproline

71
Q

Responsible for the cross-linking of collagen

A

Hydroxylysine

72
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEIN BASED ON CONFORMATION

▪️More filamentous or elongated
▪️Extended conformation
▪️Water INSOLUBLE
▪️Fibrinogen, Collagen, Keratin, Muscle proteins, Elastin (FCK ME)

A

Fibrous

73
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEIN BASED ON CONFORMATION

▪️Compactly folded & coiled
▪️Spherical shape
▪️Water SOLUBLE
▪️Casein, Hemoglobin, Enzymes, Protein hormones, Albumin, Globulin (CHEPAG)

A

Globular

74
Q

Found in egg, blood (serum albumin)

A

Albumin

75
Q

Most of our ACIDIC drugs bind to _____, while the BASIC drugs bind to _____.

A

▪️Albumin (For Acidic Drugs)
▪️Glycoprotein (For Basic Drugs)

76
Q

Egg white

A

Ovalbumin

77
Q

Found in milk (pampaantok)

A

Casein

78
Q

GLUTELIN
▪️In wheat

A

Glutenin

79
Q

PROLAMINES (rich in Proline)
▪️Corn
▪️Wheat

A

▪️Zein (corn)
▪️Gliadin (wheat)

80
Q

ALBUMINOIDS
▪️Hair & horny tissue
▪️Tendons & Arteries
▪️ Skin & Tendons

A

▪️Keratin (Hair & horny tissue)
▪️Elastin (Tendons & Arteries)
▪️Collagen (Skin & Tendons)

81
Q

Rich in Arginine

A

Histones

82
Q

PROTAMINE
▪️Salmon
▪️Sperm of Fish

A

▪️Salmine (Salmon)
▪️Sturine (Sperm of Fish)

83
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULINS
▪️Found in saliva, tears and breast milk; Prevents colonization of pathogens in mucosal areas

A

IgA

84
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULINS
▪️ Activates basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors

A

IgD

85
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULINS
▪️ Binds to allergens and triggers histamine
▪️ Mediates immediate (Type 1) hypersensitivity reaction by causing release of mediators from mast cells and basophils

A

IgE

86
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULINS
▪️ Provides majority of antibody-based immunity; can cross placenta to give passive immunity to fetus; capable of opsonization
▪️Neutralizes bacterial toxins and viruses

A

IgG

87
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULINS
▪️Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B-cell mediated immunity before there is sufficient

A

IgM

88
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Mnemonics: GAMED

A

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD

89
Q

Most abundant protein in vertebrates

A

Collagen

90
Q

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS
▪️a-keto acid dehydrogenase deficiency
▪️Disorder of VALINE (LIV) metabolism
▪️Sweet-smelling urine

A

Maple Syrup Disease (MSUD)

91
Q

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS
▪️Homogentisate oxidase deficiency
▪️Disorder of TYROSINE metabolism
▪️Manifestation: Black urine, crippling arthritis

A

Alkaptonuria

92
Q

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS
▪️Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency
▪️Disorder of PHENYLALANINE metabolism
▪️Aspartame - contraindiction

A

Phenylketonuria

93
Q

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS
▪️Cystathione beta synthase deficiency
▪️Disorder of METHIONINE metabolism

A

Homocystinuria

94
Q

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS
▪️Achromia/Achromasia
▪️Defect in the distention of melanin (from Tyrosine)

A

Albinism

95
Q

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS
▪️NO energy, NO protein
▪️A form of severe protein energy malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency

A

Marasmus

96
Q

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS
▪️HAVE energy, NO protein
▪️ Caused by insufficient protein intake

A

Kwashiorkor

97
Q

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINS
▪️ Deficiency of NIACIN (Tryptophan)
▪️Hartnup’s Disease
▪️Characterized by Dementia, Diarrhea & Dermatitis

A

Pellagra

98
Q

Vitamin cofactors

A

Co-enzymes

99
Q

INACTIVE form of an enzymes

A

Zymogens or Proenzymes

100
Q

Protein part of an enzyme

A

Apoenzymes

101
Q

Non protein part of an enzyme (Prosthetic group)

A

Cofactor

102
Q

Catalytically ACTIVE form of an enzyme

A

Holoenzyme

103
Q

In sickle cell anemia, Glu is replaced by which amino acid

A

Valine

104
Q

Amino acids that not optically active

A

Glycine (G)

M2: Biochemistry (22 decks)

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